§ 55. Less Common Conjugations.

a

Of the less common conjugations (§ 39 g) some may be classed with piÇeÒl, others with HiphÇiÖl. To the former belong those which arise from the lengthening of the vowel or the repetition of one or even two radicals, in fact, from an internal modification or development of the stem; to the latter belong those which are formed by prefixing a consonant, like the h of HiphÇiÖl. Amongst the conjugations analogous to piÇeÒl are included the passive forms distinguished by their vowels, as well as the reflexives with the prefix t.hi, on the analogy of HithpaÇeÒl.

b

The following conjugations are related to piÇeÒl, as regards their inflexion and partly in their meaning:

1. PoÖÇeÒl ljeAq, passive PoÖÇal lj;Aq, reflexive HithpoÖÇeÒl ljeAqt.hi, corresponding to the Arabic conj. III. qaÖtaçlaç, pass. quÖtiçlaç, and conj. VI. reflexive taçqaÖtaçlaç; imperfect ljeAqy>, participle ljeAqm., imperfect passive lj;Aqy> &c. Hence it appears that in Hebrew the oÖ of the first syllable is in all the forms obscured from aÖ, while the passive form is distinguished simply by the a-sound in the second syllable. In the strong verb these conjugations are rather rare. Examples: participle yjip.v)om. mine advarsary, who would contend with me, Jb 9:15; ynIv.Al†m. (denominative from !Avl' the tongue) slandering (as if intent on injuring with the tongue) y Ps 101:5 Keth. (The Qereà requires ynIv.l'm. meloçsëniÖ as Na 1:3 -lwd'g>W); Wmr>z*o they have poured out, y Ps 77:18 (if not rather PuÇal); yTi[.d;ñAy I have appointed, 1 S 21:3 (unless yTi[.d;ñAh should be read); r[esoy> Ho 13:3; vrevo to take root, passive vr;Av, denominative from vr,voñ root (but vreve to roof out); in HithpoÖÇeÒl Wv[]G*ot.hi they shall be moved, Jer 25:16; imperf. 46:8; from a verb h¾¾làytifeñAv Is 10:13. The participle #a'NOmi Is 52:5 is probably a forma mixta combining the readings #a'nOm. and #aenOt.mi.

c

PoÇel proper (as distinguished from the corresponding conjugations of verbs [¾¾[ § 67 l and W¾¾[ § 72 m, which take the place of the ordinary causative PiÇeÒl) expresses an aim or endeavour to perform the action, especially with hostile intent, and is hence called, by Ewald, the stem expressing aim (Ziel-stamm), endeavour (Suche-stamm) or attack (Angriffs-stamm); cf. the examples given above from Jb 9:15, y Ps 101:5, and !yEA[ 1 S 18:9 QereÖ (probably for !yEA[m., cf. § 52 s; § 55 f: seekingÊ to cast an evil eye).
With ljeAq is connected the formation of quadriliterals by the insertion of a consonant between the first and second radicals (§ 30 p, § 56).

d

2. PaÇleÒl, generally with the aç attenuated to iç = PiÇleÒl1 (PiÇlal), llej.qi and ll;j.qi; the eÒ in the final syllable also arises from iç, and this again from aç; passive PuÇlal ll;j.qu, reflexive HithpaÇleÒl llej.q;t.hi, like the Arabic conjugations IX. 'iqtaçllaç and XI. 'iqtaÖllaç, the former used of permanent, the latter of accidental or changing conditions, e. g. of colours; cf. !n:a]v†; to be at rest, !n:[]r†; to be green, passive ll;m.au to be withered, all of them found only in the perfect and with no corresponding Qal form. (For the barbarous form ynIWtñtuM.ci y Ps 88:17 read ynIt.t†'M.ci; for ll;p.nI Ez 28:23, which has manifestly arisen only from confusion with the following llx, read lp;n"). These forms are more common in verbs W¾¾[, where they take the place of PiÇeÒl and HithpaÇeÒl (§ 72 m). Cf. also § 75 kk.

e

3. peÇalÇal: lj;l.j;q. with repetition of the last two radicals, used of movements repeated in quick succession; e. g. rx;r>x;s. to go about quickly, to palpitate (of the heart) y Ps 38:11, from rx;s' to go about; passive rm;r>m;x\ to be in a ferment, to be heated, to be red, Jb 16:16, La 1:20, 2:11. Probably this is also the explanation of rc;Acx] (denom. from hr'c.Ac*x] a trumpet, but only in the participle, 1 Ch 15:24 &c. keth.) for rc;r>c;x], by absorption of the first r, lengthening of aç in the open syllable, and subsequent obscuring of aÒ to oÖ. On the other hand, for the meaningless Wbñhe Wbh]a†' Ho 4:18 (which could only be referred to this conjugation if it stood for Wbh]b.h;a] ) read Wbh]a†', and for the equally meaningless t'ypiñy"p.y" y Ps 45:3 read t'ypiñy". In both these cases a scribal error (dittography) has been perpetuated by the punctuation, which did not venture to alter the KethiÖbh. On the employment of peÇalÇal in the formation of nouns, cf. § 84b n. Closely related to this form is —

f

4. PilpeÒl (pass. Poçlpal), with a strengthening of the two essential radicals in stems .¾¾[àW¾¾[, and y¾¾[, e. g. lGEl.GI to roll, from lG: = ll;G"; reflexive lGEl.G:t.hi to roll oneself down; lKel.Ki from lWK, passive lK;l.K'; cf. also ajeaje (so Baer and Ginsb. after QimhÌi; others ajeaji) Is 14:23, and with aç in both syllables owing to the influence of ràrq;r>q; from rWq Nu 24:17 (cf. however, in the parallel passage, Jer 48:45 dQod>q' ) and Is 22:5, in the participle; gfeg>fi Is 17:11 to hedge in, acc. to others make to grow. Probably to this form also belongs W[l.[.l;y>, the emended reading of Jb 39:30 instead of the impossible W[l.[;y>; also ha'S.as; Is 27:8, if that form is to be referred to an infinitive asea.s;; perhaps also aVevi Ez 39:2 for avav. This form also commonly expresses rapidly repeated movement, which all languages incline to indicate by a repetition of the sound,2 e. g. @cep.ci to chirp; cf. in the Lexicon the nouns derived from rr;G"à@W[, and ll;c'.

g

As Hithpalpel we find !Wqv.q.T;v.yI Na 2:5; lx;l.x;t.Tiw: Est 4:4; rm;r>m;t.YIw: Dn 8:7, 11:11. Of the same form is hD,D;a, Is 38:15, if contracted from hD,w>D;t.a, or hdydta from the root wd or yd), and also Whm.h.m;t.hi tarry ye, Is 29:9 (but read probably WhM.T;hi), Hm'h.m;t.YIw: (in pause) Gn 19:16, &c., if it is to be derived from Hh;m', and not HithpaÇel from Hm;h.m;.

h

Only examples more or less doubtful can be adduced of—

5. TiphÇeÒl (properly TaphÇeÒl3): ljeq.Ti, with t prefixed, cf. yTil.G:òr>Ti to teach to walk, to lead (denominative from lg<r,ñ a foot ?) Ho 11:3; from a stem h¾¾l, the imperfect hr,x]r†;y> to contend with, Jer 12:5; participle, 22:15 (from hr'x' to be hot, eager). Similarly in Aramaic, ~GEr>T; to interpret, whence also in Hebrew the passive participle ~G"r>tum. Ezr 4:7.

i

6. SèaphÇeÒl: ljeq.v;, frequent in Syriac, e. g. bhel.v; from bhl to flame; whence in Hebrew tb,h,ñl.v; flame. Perhaps of the same form is lWlB.v; a snail (unless it be from the stem lbv), and troWr[]q†;v. hollow strakes, cf. § 85, No. 50. This conjugation is perhaps the original of HiphÇil, in which case the h, by a phonetic change which may be exemplified elsewhere, is weakened from a sibilant.
* * *

k

Forms of which only isolated examples occur are:—
7. jl;j.qi, passive jl;j.qu; as sP's.xum. peeled off, like scales, Ex 16:14, from @s;x' @f;x', to peel, to scale.
8. lq;j.q;, in @ywIr>z: a rain-storm, from @r;z".
9. lJeq;t.nI (regularly in Mishnaic Hebrew4) a form compounded of NipkÇal and HithpaÇ eÒl; as WrS.W:nIw> for WrS.w:t.nIw> that they may be taught, Ez 23:48; rPeK;nI probably an error for rPek;t.hi to be forgiven, Dt 21:8. On hw"T†'v.nI Pr 27:15, see § 75 x.

Footnotes:

1[1] cf. Wolfensohn, 'The PiÇlel in Hebrew,' Amer. Journ. of Or. Studies, xxvii (1907), p. 303 ff.

2[1] Cf. Lat. tinnio, tintinno, our tick-tack, ding-dong, and the German wirrwarr, klingklang. The repetition of the radical in verbs [¾¾[ also produces this effect; as in qq;l' to lick, qq;D' to pound, @pej' to trip along. The same thing is expressed also by diminutive forms, as in Latin by the termination -illo, e. g. cantillo, in German by -eln, -ern, e. g. flimmern, trillern, tröpfeln, to trickle.

3[2] The existence of a TaphÇeÒl is contested on good grounds by Barth, Nominalbildung, p. 279.

4[3] [See Segal, Mis&251;naic Hebrew, Oxf. 1909, p. 30 ff.]