§ 103. Prepositions with Pronominal Suffixes and in the Plural Form.

a

1. As all prepositions were originally nouns (§ 101) in the accusative, they may be united with the noun-suffixes (§ 91 b–l), e. g. ylic.a, (prop. at my side) by me, yTiai (in my proximity) with me, ~T'x.T; (in their place) instead of them, like the Latin mea causa, for my sake.

b

Rem. 1. The preposition tae (usually -ta,) near, with, is distinguished from tae (see below, and § 117 a, note 4), the sign of the definite accusative (§ 117 a), in its connexion with suffixes, by a difference of pointing, the former making yTiaià^T.ai, in pause %T'ai, 2nd fem. %T'ai (Is 54:10 %Teai), ATaiàHT'aiàWnT'ñaià~k,T.aià~T'ai (also in the later books, especially in Kings, and always in Jer. and Ezek., in correctly ytiAa with me; %t'Aam†e from thee, 1 K 20:25; Ataom†e from him, 1 K 22:7; ~t'ao with them), while the latter retains its (obscured from ) before the light suffixes, but before grave suffixes is pointed with SeghoÖl. This SeghoÖl is to be explained, with Praetorius, ZDMG. lv. 369 f., as the modification of an which again was shortened from original (in 'aÖthiÃ, 'aÖthoÖ, &c.) in a closed syllable ('açth–hem, &c.). The same shortening and modification of the original takes place before words in close connexion, hence lKo-ta,, &c. When not in close connexion, the toneless ta, becomes tone-long tae, e. g. ~yIm;ñV'h; tae Gn 1:1. Hence the following forms arise:—

Sing.

1. ytiao me.

2 { m. ^t.a.o , pause %t'ao

f. %t'ao. . . . .} thee.

3.{m. Atao him.

f.{Ht'ao her.

Plur.

Wnt'ñao us.

~k,t.a, you.

. . . . .

~t'ao, rarely ~h,t.a,]

!h,t.a,, rarely !t'ao} them.

Less common are the plene forms ytiAaà^t.Aa† (Nu 22:33 hk't.a†o before h ), %t'Aa (Ex 29:35 hk't'ñao ), AtAaàHt'AaàWnt'ñAaà~t'Aa . Moreover, for ~k,t.a, we find ~k,t.Aa† Jos 23:15; for ~t'ao, five times ~h,t.a, (Gn 32:1, Ex 18:20, &c.), and in Ez 23:45 ~h,t.Aa†; for !h,t.a, (Gn 19:8, &c. [13 times]), !t'ao (only found in Ez 16:54; Ex 35:26 hn"t'ñao; Ez 34:21 hn"t'ñAa ), and !h,t.Aa† Ez 23:47.—No instance of the 2nd fem. plur. !k,t.a, occurs in the O. T.; in Cant 2:7, &c., ~k,t.a, is used instead.

c

2. The preposition -~[i with (with suffixes on the model of stems [¾¾[àyMi[ià^M.[i [1 S 1:26 hk'M.[i ], in pause %M'[i; 2nd fem. %M'[i È AM[iàHM'[i ) is united with the suffixes Wnà~k,, and ~h, by a (pretonic) QamesÌ, which causes the sharpening of the MeÖm to be distinctly audible: WnM'ñ[ià~k,M'[ià~h,M'[i (so in Nu 22:12, Dt 29:16, both in principal pause, and often in very late passages, otherwise ~M'[i is generally used). In the first person, besides yMi[i, we also find ydIM'[i (probably from original ydn[; cf. Arab. ‘inda, beside, with).

d

3. It is but seldom that prepositions occur with verbal suffixes, as ynITeñx.T; 2 S 22:37, 40, 48 (for which y Ps 18:37, 40, 48 yT;x.T; ), hN"T,ñx.T; Gn 2:21 and ynIdeñ[]B†; y Ps 139:11 (here probably for the sake of the rhyme with ynIpeñWvyI ).1

e

2. When pronominal suffixes are added to the prefixes (§ 102), there appears occasionally, especially in the case of the shorter suffixes, an endeavour to lengthen the preposition, so as to give it more strength and body. Hence to K. is appended the syllable Am (see below, k), and B. and l. take at least a full vowel, B' and l' (§ 102 d, f ).—The following deviations from the analogy of the noun with suffixes are to be noticed (a) in the pausal forms %B'à%l'à%t.aoà%T'aià%M'[i (not beÊkhaÒ, &c.); (b) in the similar forms with the suffix of the 2nd sing. fem. (not beÒkh, &c.) and in WnB'ñàWnl'ñàWnM'ñ[i, &c. (not beÒnuÖ, &c.).

f

(a) l. with Pronominal Suffixes.

Sing.

Plur.

1.

yli to me.

Wnl'ñ to us.

2.

{m. ^l. ( hk'l. ), in pause %l' f.

~k,l'

%l' . . . . . . . . . .} to thee.

[ !k,l'2] hn"k,ñl' } to you

3.

{m. Al to him.

~h,l'àhM'heñl', poet. Aml'ñ

[53 times]3

f.

Hl' to her.

!h,l',4 hN"heñl' } to them.

g

B. takes suffixes in the same manner: yBià^B. (Ex 7:29, 2 S 22:30, y Ps 141:8 hk'B., as in Gn 27:37, 2 S 18:22, Is 3:6 hk'l. [for 2nd fem. %l' the KethiÖbh ykl occurs in 2 K 4:2, Ct 2:13, cf. § 91 e]), AB, &c.; except that for the 3rd plur., besides ~h,B' (especially in the later books) and hM'heñB' (only in Ex 30:4, 36:1, Hb 1:16; hM'heñl' only in Jer 14:16), the form ~B' is also used; and for the feminine, besides hN"heñB' (three times), !heB' is found fifteen times, and !h,B' only in 1 S 31:7, Is 38:16, Ez 42:14.—According to the Masora, aol is found fifteen times for Al (as conversely in 1 S 2:16, 20:2 Al for aol ), e.g. Ex 21:8, 1 S 2:3, Is 9:2, y Ps 100:3 (and, as has been conjectured, also Jb 41:4); cf. Delitzsch on y Ps 100:3.—In Nu 32:42, Zc 5:11, Ru 2:14, the Masora requires hƒl' instead of Hl' (in all three places before a following tone-syllable; cf. § 23 k, and the analogous cases of the loss of MappiÖq in § 58 g, § 91 e).

h

(b) K. with Pronominal Suffixes.

Sing.

Plur.

1.

ynAmñK'5 as I.

WnAmñK' as we.

2.

{m. ^AmñK'6} as thou.

~k,K'à~keK', rarely ~k,AmK. } as ye

f. . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.

{m. WhAmñK' as he.

~heK'àÎ~h,K'àhM'heñK'Ðà~h,AmK. } as they.

f. h'AmñK' as she

Î!heK'ÐàhN"heñK'

i

(c) -!mi with Pronominal Suffixes.

Sing.

Plur.

1.

yNIM,ñmi, poet. yNImi [4 times], in pause

WNM,ñmi from us.

also yNIm,ñ [6 times] from me.

2.

{m.

^M.mi, in pause &'M,ñmi } from thee.

~K,mi } from you.

f.

%Memi

!K,mi

3.

{m.

WNM,ñmi, Jb 4:12 in pause Whn>m,ñà [ WhNEòmi

~h,meàhM'heñme [twice],

or WhN<ñmi: see below] from him.

Jb 11:20 ~h,N>mi } from them.

f.

hN"M,ñmi from her.

!h,meàhN"heñme [7 times]

k

The syllable Am (in Arabic maÖ am' = Heb. hm' what) in ynIAmñK' (probably from ynIa] hm'K., prop. according to what I, for as I) is, in poetry, appended to the three simple prefixes B.àK.àl., even without suffixes, so that AmB.àAmK.àAml. appear as independent words, equivalent in meaning to B.àK.àl. . Poetry is here distinguished from prose by the use of longer forms; in the case of !mi, on the other hand, it prefers the shorter, which resemble the Syriac and Arabic.

l

The form ~h,K', enclosed in brackets above, occurs only in 2 K 17:15 (in pause), hM'heñK' only in Jer 36:32 (in pause); !heK' (Baer following QimhÌi !h,K' ) only in Ez 18:14. Cf. Frensdorff, Massora Magna, p. 234 ff.—For ~k,K' as ye, QimhÌi requires ~keK' (invariably or only in Jb 16:4 ?); in Jos 1:15, Ju 8:2, Ezr 4:2 Baer gives ~k,K' .

m

With regard to !mi with suffixes, yNIM,ñmi from me is usually explained as arising, by a reduplication of !mi, from an original ynmnm, just as WNM,ñmi from him, from whÄnmnm, identical in form with WNM,ñmi7 from us, from wnÄnmnm, while hN"M,ñmi from her, goes back to hnmnm . Far simpler, however, is Mayer Lambert's explanation (REJ. xxiii. 302 ff.), that yNIM,ñmi, &c., have arisen from yNIN<mi, &c., and that the forms of the suffixes are to be explained on the analogy of yNIn<òyaeàWNd,ñA[àhN"T,ñx.T;, § 100 o.—The bracketed form WhNEòmi, for which Baer, following QimhÌi and others, writes WhN<òmi, occurs only in y Ps 68:24, and is there regarded by DÍelitzsch, Hupfeld, and others (following Simonis) as a substantive ( !me = portion). The expression aWh-!mi (for WNM,ñmi ?) Is 18:2, 7 is very strange.— hM'heñme occurs only in Jer 10:2, Ec 12:12 (Jb 11:20 ~h+,N>mi ); !h,me (so Baer and Ginsburg, following the best authorities, instead of the ordinary reading !heme ) only in Ez 16:47, 52.

n

3. Several prepositions, especially those which express relations of space and time, are (like the German wegen) properly plural nouns (for the reason, see § 124 a), and are, therefore, joined with the pronominal suffixes in the form of the plural construct state, just like other plural nouns (§ 91 g). On the other hand, the apparent connexion of -la,à-d[;à-l[; with plural suffixes is explained from the ground-forms of those prepositions (from stems h¾¾l ) yl;a/ ¿yl;a]Ààyd;[]àyl;[] (contracted to ylea/àylea], &c.).8

o

Without suffixes these prepositions are—

rx;a;, more frequently yrex]a†; (prop. hinder parts) behind, after.

-la,,9 poet. [4 times in Job] also ylea/ (region, direction), towards, to, according to.

!yBe (interval) between; the suffixes indicating the singular are added to the singular !yBe, thus ynIyBeà^n>yBe, &c. (Gn 16:5 ^yn<òyBe, the second YoÖdh is, however, marked with a point as critically doubtful; wyn"yBe, which occurs three times, is only the Masoretic QereÖ for AnyBe, which is found e.g. in Gn 30:36). On the other hand, the suffixes indicating a plural are attached to the plural forms ynEyBe or tAnyBe .

bybis' (circuit) around, as a preposition, always has the plural form, sometimes masc. ^yb,ñybis., &c. [10 times], but much more frequently in the fem. tAbybis. (surroundings). In Ez 43:17 Ht'Aa bybis' is a corruption of h'yt,ñboybis.; [in 1 K 6:5 ta, bybis' also is so contrary to usage, that it must be due to some textual error].

-d[; (continuation, duration, from hd'[' ) as far as, unto, poet. yde[] [12 times]. In Jb 32:12 ~k,yde[†', with the retained in the secondary tone, is abnormal. Also in 2 K 9:18 for ~he-d[; read ~h,yde[†' .

-l[; upon, over (cf. the rare subst. l[' height [see Lexicon], from hl'[' to ascend), poet. yle[] [40 times, and 2 QereÖ ].

tx;T;ñ under (prop. what is beneath). On ynITeñx.T;, &c.; cf. above, d.

With Suffixes.

p

1 Sing.

yr;x]a†;

ynIyBe

yt;Abyb†is.

yT;x.T;

yl;ae

yd;['

yl;['

(after me)

(between me)

(around me)

(beneath me)

(to me)

(unto me)

(on me)

2 S. m.

^yr,ñx]a†;

^n>yB†e

^yt,ñAbyb†is.

^yT,ñx.T;

^yl,ñae

^yd,ñ['

^yl,ñ['

& ^yb,ñybis.

2 S. f.

%yIr;ñx]a†;

%yIt;ñAbyb†is.

%yIl;ñae

%yIl;ñ['

& %yIb;ñybis.

3 S. m.

wyr'x]a†;

AnyBe

wyt'Abyb†is.

wyT'x.T;

wyl'ae

wyd'['

wyl'['

& wyb'ybis.

3 S. f.

h'yr,ñx]a†;

h'yt,ñAbyb†is.

h'yT,ñx.T;

h'yl,ñae

h'yd,ñ['

h'yl,ñ['

& h'yb,ñybis.

1 Plur.

Wnyreñx]a†;

WnynEòyBe

WnyteñAbyb†is.

WnyTeñx.T;

Wnyleñae

Wnyleñ['

&

WnyteñAnyBe10

2 Pl. m.

~k,yrex]a†;

~k,ynEyB†e

~k,yteAb†ybis.

~k,yTex.T;

~k,ylea]

~k,yde[†'

~k,yle[]

3 Pl. m.

~h,yrex]a†;

~h,ynEyB†e

~h,yteAb†ybis.

~h,yTex.T;

~h,ylea]

Î~h,yde[†'Ð

~h,yle[]

& ~t'AnyB†e

& ~t'Abyb†is.

usually

~T'x.T;

& ~h,lea]

[11 Amyleñ[' ]

[12

3 Pl. f.

!h,yrex]a†;

!h,yTex.T;

!h,ylea]

!h,yle[]

& !h,lea]


Footnotes:

1[1] FiÖniÖ and biÖniÖ (in me), in vulgar Arabic for fiyya and biÖ, are compared by Socin. Brockelmann, ZA. xiv. 347, note 1, suggests that yntxt Ã hntxtàynd[b are later formations on the model of yNIM,ñmi when its origin from the reduplication of the preposition had become obscured, but see below, m.

2[2] !k,l' does not occur in the O. T., by a mere accident, no doubt; Ez 13:18 hn"k,ñl' .

3[3] The question whether Aml'ñ can also stand for the sing. Al, which Rödiger and recently W. Diehl (Das Pronomen pers. suff. . . . des Hebr., p. 20 f.) and P. Haupt (SBOT. on Pr 23:20, a contraction of la–humuÖ) have altogether denied, must be answered in the affirmative unless we conclude with Diehl and Haupt that all the instances concerned are due to corruptions of the text. It is true that in such places as Gn 9:26, 27, Dt 33:2, Is 30:5, y Ps 73:10 (all in or immediately before the principal pause; in Dt 33:2 with Zaqeph qatÌon at least) Aml'ñ can be better explained as plural (in reference to collective nouns); and in Is 53:8 for Aml'ñ [g:n<ò we should read with the LXX tw<M'ñl; [G:nI . On the other hand, in Is 44:15 its explanation as plural would be extremely forced. Even then there would remain—presuming the traditional text to be correct— AmynEòP' y Ps 11:7 and AmyPeñK; Jb 27:23, as well as Amyleñ[', three times, Jb 20:23, 27:23 (beside wyl'[' ), and especially Jb 22:2. In all these places the most extreme exegetical artifices can only be avoided by simply admitting a singular suffix ( = wyn"P'àwyP'K;àwyl'[' ).—On the question of the antiquity of the suffixes in Am see § 91 l.

4[4] The form !hel' in Ru 1:13 is Aramaic ( =therefore).

5[5] The use of ynI here for y¤i (cf. above, d) might be due to euphonic reasons.— ynImoñK' (defectively) only in the Pentateuch, ^moñK' Ex 15:11.

7[1] The Babylonian Masora writes WnMeñmi (to distinguish it from the 3rd sing.), which is justly blamed by Ibn Ezra.

8[1] The reference of these forms to original plurals has been again expressly supported by De Lagarde, Symmicta, ii. 101 ff.; Nachrichten der G. g. G., 1881, p. 376, cf. Mittheilungen, 1884, p. 63; also GGA. 1884, p. 280 f. According to Barth, ZDMG. xlii. p. 348 ff., and Nominalbildung, p. 375 ff., ^yT,ñx.T;, &c., was only formed on the analogy of ^yl,ñ[', &c., and ^yr,ñx]a†;, &c., only on the analogy of ynEp.li, &c., since the real plural forms ought to be ^yt,ñx'T.à^yr,ñx'a], &c.; cf., however, König, Lehrgebäude, ii. 305 f.

9[2] On the use of this particle see § 119 g.

10[1] As Mayer Lambert observes, usage (cf. esp. Gn 26:28) distinguishes between the two forms: wnytwnyb means between us and you, whereas wnynyb (Jos 22:25, 27, 28 before ~kynybw ) means between us on the one side.

11[2] The poetical form Amyleñae only in y Ps 2:5; Amyleñ[', on which see note 3 on f, 12 times [viz. Dt 32:23, y Ps 5:12, 55:16, 64:9, Jb 6:16, 20:23, 21:17, 22:2, 27:23, 29:22, 30:2, 5].