117 The Government of the Verb

C. THE GOVERNMENT OF THE VERB.

§ 117. The Direct Subordination of the Noun to the Verb as Accusative of the Object. The Double Accusative.

L. Kaila, Zur Syntax des in verbaler Abhängigkeit stehenden Nomens im alttest. Hebr., Helsingfors; 1906.

a

1. The simplest way in which a noun is subordinated to a verbal form is by the addition of an accusative of the object to a transitive verb.¹ In the absence of case-endings,² this accusative can now be recognized only from the context, or by the particle -ta, (tae, before suffixes also taoÃ tAa)³ prefixed to it. The use of this nota accusativi is, however, somewhat rare in poetry, and even in prose it is not invariably necessary but is restricted to those cases in which the accusative of the object is more closely determined by being a proper name, or by having the article, or by a following determinate genitive (hence also by the suffixes), or in some other way (see below, c), e. g. Gn 4:1 and she bare !yIq;ñ-ta, Cain; 6:10, 1:1 God created #r,a'ñh' taew> ~yIm;ñV'h; tae the heaven and the earth (but 2:4 ~yIm;ñv'w> #r,a,ñ); 1:25 and God made tY:x;-ta, #r,a'ñh' the beast of the earth; 2:24.

b
Rem. 1. The rare occurrence of the nota accusativi in poetic style (e. g. it never occurs in Ex 15:2–18, Dt 32, Ju 5, 1 S 2, &c., though it is frequent in the late Psalms) may be explained from the fact that in this as in other respects (cf, § 2 q) poetry represents a somewhat more archaic stage of the language than prose. The need of some external means of indicating the accusative could only have been felt after the case-endings had become wholly extinct. Even then the ta would probably have been used at first to indicate only an object placed before the verb (when it followed, it was already sufficiently characterized by its position as depending on the verb), or proper names.⁴ Finally, however, the nota accusativi became so customary everywhere in prose, that even the pronominal object was expressed rather by ta with suffixes than by verbal suffixes, even when none of the reasons mentioned under e can be assigned for it; cf. Giesebrecht in ZAW. 1881, p. 258 ff., and the statistics of H. Petri, cited above at the head of § 58. Such examples as ~yhil{a/ Atao hW"ci rv,a] lkoK. Gn 6:22 in the Priestly Code, beside hA'hy> WhW"òci-rv,a] lkoK. 7:5 in the Jahvist, are especially instructive.

c
2. As accusatives determined in other ways, we have in the first place to consider the collectives introduced by lKo entirety, without a following article or determinate genitive, inasmuch as the meaning of lKo includes a determinative sense, cf. e. g. Gn 1:21, 30, 8:21, Dt 2:34, 2 K 25:9. lKo-ta, is used absolutely in Gn 9:3, cf. 39:23; similarly, ymi is determinate of itself, since it always denotes a person, hence ymi-ta, quem ? e. g. Is 6:8, 37:23, &c., but never hm'-ta, quid ? so also the relative rv,a] in the sense of eum qui or quem, &c., e. g. 1 S 16:3, or id quod, Gn 9:24, &c. Cf. also such examples as Jos 2:10, 1 S 24:19, where rv,a] tae is equivalent to the circumstance, that, &c.—Elsewhere tae stands before nouns which are determinate in sense, although the article is omitted, which according to § 126 h is very frequently the case in poetic or otherwise elevated style; thus Lv 26:5, Jos 24:14, 15, Is 41:7 (to distinguish the object from the subject); 50:4 (with the first of two accusatives, also for the sake of clearness); Ez 13:20, 43:10, Pr 13:21 (where the ~yqiyDIc; are to be regarded as a distinct class); Jb 13:25 (unless, with Beer and others, we read ~aiw> for -ta,w>); also Ec 7:7 may be a quotation of an ancient maxim.

d
On the other hand tae occurs very seldon in prose before a noun actually or apparently undetermined. In 1 S 24:6 @n"K' is more closely defined by means of the following relative clause; in 2 S 4:11 qyDIc; vyai refers to Ishbosheth (as if it were him, who was an innocent man); in 1 K 6:16 hM'a; ~yrIf.[, refers to the particular twenty cubits. In Ex 21:28 (otherwise in verse 29) perhaps the -ta, is used in order to avoid the combination vyai rAv (as in Nu 21:9 to avoid the cacophony vyai vx'N"h; %v;n" ?); in Lv 7:8 and 20:10 the accusatives are at any rate defined by the context.—In Nu 16:15 ~h,me dx;a;-ta, probably means even a single one (and then ipso facto a definite one) of them, as also in 1 S 9:3 ~yrI['N>h;m†e dx;a;-ta, may refer to some definite one of the men-servants. In Gn 21:30 we should read tfb'K.h; [b;v,ñ-ta, with the Samaritan, since the seven lambs have been already mentioned; in Ex 2:1 translate with Meyer, Die Israeliten, p. 79, ywIle-tB;-ta, the daughter of Levi; in Ex 28:9 read ~h;Voñh; with the Samaritan; in Lv 20:14 hV'ai-ta, is probably a scribal error due to hM'ai-ta,w>; in 1 S 26:20 read yvip.n: with the LXX for dx'a, v[r>P;; in 2 S 5:24 read hd'['C.h; as in 1 Ch 14:15; in 2 S 15:16 the -ta, is incorrectly inserted from 20:3, where it refers to the women already mentioned; in 2 S 18:18 read tb,C,òM;h;, or omit both -ta, and rv,a] with the LXX and Lucian; in 1 K 12:31 omit -ta,; in 2 K 23:20 probably ~t'Amc.[;-ta, is to be read; in 2 K 25:9 the text is corrupt. In Ez 16:32 ~yrIz"-ta, might refer to the strangers in question; but see Smend on the passage.

e
3. The pronominal object must be represented by ta with a suffix (instead of a verbal suffix), when (a) it precedes the verb, e. g. Nu 22:33 yTig>r;òh' hk't.a)o ytiyyEòx/h†, Ht'Aaw> I had slain thee and saved her alive; Gn 7:1, Lv 22:28, 1 S 8:7, Is 43:22, 57:11, Jer 4:17, 22, 7:19; (b) when a suffix is already attached to the verb, and as a rule when a second accusative with w> follows, e. g. 2 S 15:25 Atao ynIa;ñr>hiw> and he will show me it; Ex 17:3 yn:B'-ta,w> ytiao tymih'l.; to kill us and our children; Nu 16:32, 1 S 5:11, 2 S 14:16 (but cf. also Dt 11:6, 15:16, &c., and Driver on 1 S 5:10); (c) after an infinitive absolute, see above § 113 a note; (d) after an infinitive construct, when it is immediately followed by the subject, e. g. Gn 41:39, or when the combination of a suffix with the infinitive might lead to a misunderstanding, e. g. Gn 4:15 Atao-tAK)h; yTil.bil. lest one should smite him, &c., where AtAKh; yTil.bil. might also mean lest he should smite.

f
4. The pronominal object is very frequently omitted, when it can be easily supplied from the context; so especially the neuter accusative referring to something previously mentioned (the English it) after verba sentiendi([m;v') and dicendi, e. g. Gn 9:22, &c., dGEY:w: and he told (it); also after !t;n" to give, Gn 18:7, 24:41, &c., xq;l' to take, aybihe to bring, ~yfi to lay, Gn 9:23, &c ac'm' to find, Gn 31:33, &c. A personal object is omitted, e. g. in Gn 12:19, 24:51 (after xq;l'.—The omission of the plural object is remarkable, because it leaves an opportunity for a misunderstanding, in Gn 37:17 ~yrIm.a)o yTi[.m;ñv'⁵ I heard them saying; perhaps, however, we should read ~yTi[.m;v. with the Samaritan.

g
5. In common formulae the substantival object is also sometimes omitted (an elliptical expression); thus e. g. tr;K' 1 S 20:16, &c. (see the Lexicon) stands for tyrIB. tr;K' like the English to close (sc. a bargain) with anyone; rj;n" to keep (sc. @a; anger) equivalent to to be resentful, y Ps 103:9, &c.; so also rm;v' Jer 3:5 (beside rj;n"); af'n" for lAq af'n" to lift lip the voice, Is 3:7; l. af'n" for l. !A[' af'n" to take away any one's sin (to forgive), Gn 18:24, 26, Is 2:9; xl;v' to put forth (sc. dy" the hand) equivalent to to reach after something, 2 S 6:6, y Ps 18:17.

h
6. Verba sentiendi may take a second object, generally in the form of a participle or adjective and necessarily indeterminate, to define more exactly the action or state in which the object is perceived, e. g. Nu 11:10 hv,m [m;v.YIw: hk,Bo ~['h'-ta, and Moses heard the people weeping; Gn 7:1 qyDIc; ytiyaiñr' ^t.a)o thee have I seen righteous. Frequently, however, the second object is expressed by a separate clause. This is especially frequent with ha'r' to see, e. g. Gn 1:4 and God saw the light, that it was good; Gn 6:2, 12:14, 13:10, 49:15, Ex 2:2, y Ps 25:19 Pr 23:31 Jb 32:12 Ec 2:24, 8:17; so with [d;y" to know, Ex 32:22, 2 S 3:25, 17:8 (with two objects); 1 K 5:17.

i
7. In certain instances ta serves apparently to introduce or to emphasize a nominative. This cannot be regarded as a reappearance of the original substantival meaning of the ta, since all unquestionable examples of the kind belong to the later Books of the Old Testament. They are rather (apart from textual errors or other explanations) cases of virtual dependence on an implied verbum regens understood. The constant use of ta to indicate a clause governed by the verb, necessarily led at length to the use of ta generally as a defining particle irrespective of a governing verb. So in the Hebrew of the Mishna⁶ (see above, § 3 a) Atao and Ht'ao are prefixed even to a nominative without any special emphasis.

k
Naturally the above does not apply to any of the places in which ta is not the nota accusativi, but a preposition (on ta with, cf. § 103 b), e. g. Is 57:15, 1 S 17:34 (bADh;-ta,w> and that, with a bear; -ta, here, however, has probably been interpolated from verse 36, where it is wanting); nor the places in which the accusative is subordinate to a passive (according to § 121 c) or to a verb of wanting as in Jos 22:17 and Neh 9:32, see below, z. In Ez 43:17 bybis' about governs like a verb, being followed by Ht'Aa.

l
Other cases are clearly due to attraction to a following relative pronoun in the accusative (Ez 14:22, Zc 8:17; but Hag 2:5a, to ~yrcmm, must be omitted, with the LXX, as a later addition), or the accusative depends on a verbal idea, virtually contained in what has gone before, and consequently present to the speaker's mind as governing the accusative. Thus Nu 3:26 (the verbal idea contained in trmXmw verse 25 is they had to take charge of); in Jos 17:11 l. yhyw implies it was given up or they gave him; 1 S 26:16 see where is equivalent to search now for; in 2 S 11:25 $yny[b [ry-la is used in the sense of noli aegre ferre⁷; Jer 36:22 and he had the brazier before him; in Ec 4:3 a verb like I esteem is mentally supplied before rv,a] tae. On Jos 22:17, Neh 9:32, see below, aa.—Aposiopesis occurs in Dt 11:2 for not your children (do I mean); still more boldly in Zc 7:7, where either ~T,[.m;v. or W[m.v.Ti (Wf[]T†;) is to be supplied.

m
Setting aside a few undoubtedly corrupt passages⁸ there still remain the following examples, in which -ta, in the later Hebrew manner (almost in the sense of the Latin quod attinet ad) introduces a noun with more or less emphasis, Nu 3:46, 5:10, 35:6, Ju 20:44, 46, Ez 17:21, 20:16, 35:10, 44:3, Neh 9:19, 34, Dn 9:13, 2 Ch 31:17.—In Ez 47:17–19 (cf. also 43:7) it is simplest to emend taoz for -ta, according to verse 20. However, even the LXX, who have tau/ta only in verse 18, can hardly have known any other reading than ta; consequently in all these passages ta must be regarded as virtually dependent on some governing word, such as ecce(LXX 43:7 e`w,rakaj), and 47:17 ff. as equivalent to thou shalt have as a border, &c.

n
8. Another solecism of the later period is finally the introduction of the object by the preposition l. (prop. in relation to, in the direction of), as sometimes in Ethiopic⁹ and very commonly in Aramaic.¹⁰ Less remarkable is this looser connexion of the object with a participle, as with, lk;a' La 4:5, @Seai Nu 10:25, @q;z" y Ps 145:14 (but cf. 146:8), rr;c' Nu 25:18, ayGIf.hi and xj;v' Jb 12:23; before the participle Is 11:9.—To introduce an object preceding the finite verb l. is employed in Jb 5:2 (cf. also Dn 11:33); also after bhea' Lv 19:18, 34; %yrIa/h†, y Ps 129:3; lyDIb.hi Ezr 8:24, 2 Ch 25:10; !ybihe Jb 9:11; %r;Be 1 Ch 29:20 (immediately before with an accusative); hl'g>hi 1 Ch 5:26; vr;D' Ezr 6:21, 1 Ch 22:19, 2 Ch 17:13; hy"x/h†, Gn 45:7, where, however, read hj'yleP. with the LXX for hjylpl and take ~k,l' as a dativus commodi; lLehi 1 Ch 16:36, 2 Ch 5:13; gr;h' 2 S 3:30, y Ps 135:11 (verse 10 with accusative), 136:19 f.; vb;x' (to bind up) Is 61:1 (Ez 34:4 before the verb); [d;y" y Ps 69:6; dBeKi y Ps 86:9; xq;l' Jer 40:2, 2 Ch 23:1; %ylim.hi and xv;m' 1 Ch 29:22; lh;nE 2 Ch 28:15; %m;s' y Ps 145:14; bz:[' 1 Ch 16:37 hl'[/h†, Ez 26:3; xT;Pi y Ps 116:16; @d;r' Jb 19:28; qyDIc.hi Is 53:11; rk;f' 2 Ch 24:12 (previously accusatives); ~yfi 1 S 22:7 (but probably ~k,L.kuw> is to be read); byvihe (in the connexion, l. rb'D' byvihe) 2 Ch 10:6 (but verse 9 and 1 K 12:9 with an accusative); txevi Nu 32:15, 1 S 23:10; tyvi y Ps 73:18; xl;v' Ezr 8:16, 2 Ch 2:12 17:7; rm;v' 1 Ch 29:18, 2 Ch 5:11.

o
9. Sometimes the verb, on which an accusative of the object really depends, is contained only in sense in the verb which apparently governs, e. g. Is 14:17 ht'y>B†' xt;p'-aol wyr'ysia] his prisoners he let not loose nor sent them back to their home. On this constructio praegnans in general, see § 119 ff.

p

2. With the proper accusatives of the object may also be classed what is called the internal or absolute object (also named schema etymologicum or figura etymologica), i. e. the addition of an object in the form of a noun derived from the same stem,¹¹ e. g. y Ps 14:5 dx;p;ñ Wdx]P†' they feared a fear (i. e. they were in great fear), Pr 15:27; also with the object preceding, e. g. La 1:8 ~il;v'Wry> ha'j.x†' aj.xe Jerusalem hath sinned a sin; with a double accusative (see below, cc), e. g. 1 S 1:6; hc'[e an" %ce['ya†i let me, I pray thee, give thee counsel 1 K 1:12.¹²

q
Rem. (a) Strictly speaking the only cases of this kind are those in which the verbal idea is supplemented by means of an indeterminate substantive (see the examples above). Such a substantive, except in the case of the addition of the internal object to denominative verbs (see below), is, like the infinitive absolute, never altogether without force, but rather serves like it to strengthen the verbal idea. This strengthening is implied in the indeterminateness of the internal object, analogous to such exclamations as, this was a man !¹³ Hence it is intelligible that some intensifying attribute is very frequently (as in Greek usually) added to the internal object, e. g. Gn 27:34 hl'dog> hq'['c. q[;c.YIw: daom.-d[; hr'm'W he cried (with) an exceeding great and bitter cry; cf. the Greek nosei/n no,son kakh,n( evca,rhsan cara.n mega,lhn (Matt. 2:10); magnam pugnare pugnam, tutiorem vitam vivere, &c.

Examples of an internal object after the verb, and without further addition, are Ex 22:5, 2 S 12:16, Is 24:22, 35:2, 42:17, Ez 25:15, 26:15, 27:35, Mic 4:9, Zc 1:2, Pr 21:26; with an intensifying attribute, Gn 27:33, Ex 32:31, Ju 15:8, 2 S 13:36, 1 K 1:40 (cf. Jon 4:6, 1 Ch 29:9); Is 21:7, 45:17, Jon 1:10, Zc 1:14, 8:2a, Dn 11:3; along with an object proper the internal object occurs with an attribute in Gn 12:17, 2 S 13:15; cf. also Is 14:6, Jon 4:1.—An internal object without an attribute before the verb: Is 24:16, Jer 46:5, Hb 3:9, Jb 27:12; with an attribute before the verb: Jer 14:17, Zc 1:15 (cf. also Gn 30:8, Jer 22:l9, 30:14, y Ps 139:22). Instead of the substantive which would naturally be expected, another of kindred meaning is used in Zc 8:2.

r
(b) Only in a wider sense can the schema etymologicum be made to include cases in which the denominative verb is used in connexion with the noun from which it is derived, e. g. Gn 1:11, 9:14, 11:3, 37:7, Ez 18:2, y Ps 144:6, probably also Mi 2:4, or where this substantive, made determinate in some way, follows its verb, e. g. Gn 30:37, Nu 25:11, 2 K 4:13, 13:14, Is 45:17, La 3:58, ¹⁴ and, determinate at least in sense, Jer 22:16; or precedes it, as in 2 K 2:16, Is 8:12, 62:5, Zc 3:7; cf. also Ex 3:9. In both cases the substantive is used, without any special emphasis, merely for clearness or as a more convenient way of connecting the verb with other members of the sentence.

s

3. Verbs which denote speaking (crying out, weeping), or any external act, frequently take a direct accusative of the organ or means by which the action is performed. In this case, however, the accusative must be more closely determined by an attributive adjective or a noun in the genitive. This fact shows the close relation between these accusatives and the internal objects treated under p, which also, according to q, mostly take an intensifying attribute. On the other hand, they must not be regarded as adverbial (instrumental) accusatives, nor are they to be classed with the second (neuter) subjects treated below in § 144 l.

t
Examples of the accusative following the verb are lAdG"-lAq) q[;w>a,w)' and I cried a loud voice, i. e. with a loud voice, Ez 11:13, 2 S 15:23 (after the proper object, Dt 5:19, 1 K 8:55); y Ps 109:2 they have spoken unto me rq,v,ñ !Avl. a tongue of deceit, i. e. with a lying tongue; Pr 10:4 he becometh poor hY"mir>-@k; hv,o[ dealing a slack hand, i. e. who dealeth with a slack hand; cf. the German eine schöne Stimme singen, to sing a fine voice, eine tüchtige Klinge schlagen, to smite a trusty sword, Schlittschuhe laufen, to run skates (i. e. to skate), and our to write a good hand, to play ball, &c.—Examples of the accusative preceding are yPi-lL,h;y> tAnn"r> ytep.fi my mouth shall praise with joyful lips, y Ps 63:6; cf. y Ps 12:3, where a casus instrumenti with B. follows the accusative.

u

4. Many verbs originally intransitive (sometimes even in form; see a, note 2) may be used also as transitives, in consequence of a certain modification of their original meaning, which has gradually become established by usage; cf. e. g. byrI to strive, but also with an accusative causam alicuius agere (so even in Is 1:17, &c.; elsewhere with l. of the person for whom one strives); lkoy" absolutely to be able, with an accusative to prevail over any one; #pex' to be inclined and hc'r' to have pleasure (usually with B.), with an accusative to wish for some one or something; bk;v' cubare, then in the sense of concumbere, originally joined with -~[i cum, but quite early also with the accusative, equivalent to comprimere (feminam), &c. So in 2 S 13:14, &c., unless in all or some of the passages the preposition tae is intended, e. g. HT'ai for Ht'ao; in the earlier passages -~[i is the more usual.

v
Rem. 1. It is certainly difficult to decide whether some verbs, which were afterwards used absolutely or joined with prepositions, were not nevertheless originally transitive, and consequently it is only the supposed original meaning, usually assigned to them in English, which causes them to appear intransitive.¹⁵ In that case there is of course no syntactical peculiarity to be considered, and a list of such verbs would at the most be requisite only for practical purposes. Moreover, it is also possible that certain verbs were originally in use at the same time both as transitive and intransitive, e. g. perhaps vbel' to be clothed along with vb;l' to put on (a garment). Finally the analogy of certain transitives in constant use may have led to intransitives of kindred meaning being also united directly with the accusative, so that, in other words, whole classes of verbs came to be regarded in a particular aspect as transitives. See below, y.

w
2. The modification of the original meaning becomes especially evident when even reflexive conjugations (NiphÇal, HithpaÇeÒl, &c.) take an accusative (cf. § 57, note 2); e. g. aB'nI to prophesy, Jer 25:13; bs;n" (prop. to put oneself round) to surround, Ju 19:22; ~x;l.nI to fight, y Ps 109:3 (where, however, the Qal ynIWmñx]l.YIw: should be read; cf. y Ps 35:1); also xL;G:t.hi to shave (something) for oneself, Num 6:19; lxen:t.hi to take some one for oneself as a possession, Is 14:2; lKen:t.hi to make some one an object of craft, Gn 37:18; lCen:t.hi to strip a thing off oneself, Ex 33:6; rBe[;t.hi to bring on oneself the anger of anyone, to anger him; !nEABt.hi to consider something, Jb 37:14; qreP't.hi to break something off from oneself, Ex 32:3. In Gn 34:9 after WnT.x;t.hi make ye marriages, read WnT'ñai instead of WnT'ñao. Cf. § 54 f;.

x
3. So also it is only owing to a modification of the original meaning of a verb (except where the expression is incorrect, and perhaps derived from the popular language), when sometimes the remoter object (otherwise introduced by l.) is directly subordinated in the form of an accusative suffix, e. g. Zc 7:5 ynIa'ñ ynITuñm.c; ~Ach] did ye fast at all unto me, even to me ? as though to say, have ye be-fasted me ? have ye reached me with your fasting ? Still more strange is Jb 31:18 ba'k. ynIl;ñdeG> he (the orphan) grew up to me as to a father; cf. Is 27:4, 65:5, Jer 31:3, and in Aramaic Dn 5:6; but ynIT'ñt;n> bg<N<òh; #r,a,ñ Jos 15:19 is to be regarded as a double accusative after a verb of giving, see ff. In 1 S 2:25 read Wll.piW for All.piW; in Is 44:21, instead of the NiphÇal, read ynIveñn>Ti; in Ez 29:3 either wytiyfi[] is to be read with Olshausen or ~ytiyfi[] (and previously yr'aoy>) with Smend; in y Ps 42:5 hD,D;a, or ~Ded;a]; in y Ps 55:23 (where König takes ^b.h†'y> as he has given it to thee) we must certainly assume a substantive bh'y> (= fate ?).

y
4. Whole classes of verbs, which, according to v above, are regarded as transitive, either on account of their original meaning or (for the sake of analogy) by a modification of that meaning, are—

(a) Verba induendi and exuendi, as vb;l' to put on, jv;P' to put off a garment, hd'[' to put on ornaments, to adorn oneself with (cf. also bh'z" ~yciB'vum. enclosed in gold, Ex 28:20). Also in poetic expressions such as y Ps 65:14 !aoCh; ~yrIk' WvB.l†' the pastures are clothed with flocks, cf. y Ps 109:29; 104:2 (hj'['); 65:14 b (@j;['), &c.¹⁶

z
(b) Verba copiae and inopiae (also called verba abundandi and deficiendi), as alem', to be full of something, Ex 8:17; here, and also frequently elsewhere, construed with -ta,, and hence evidently with an accusative; Gn 6:13; with a personal object, Ex 15:9 my lust shall be satisfied upon them; with an accusative preceding the verb for the sake of emphasis, e. g. Is 1:15 your hands Waleñm' ~ymiD' are full of blood, cf. Is 22:2; so also the Niph. al'm.nI to fill oneself with something, e. g. Gn 6:11, Ex 1:7 (where the object is connected by ta); Is 2:7 f., 6:4 Pr 3:10; [r;z>nI to be fructified with, Nu 5:28; #r;v' to swarm with, Gn 1:20, 21 Ex 7:28; [b;f' ([;bef') to be full of, Is 1:11, Jo 2:19, Pr 12:11; rb;G" to become strong, to wax mighty in something, Jb 21:7; #r;P' to orerflow with something, Pr 3:10 (with the object preceding); dr;y" prop. to descend, poetically also to pour down, to overflow with something (cf. in Greek prore,ein u[dwr( da,krna sta,zein), e. g. La 3:48 ynIy[e dr;Te ~yIm;ñ ygEl.P; mine eye runneth down (with) rivers of water; 1:16, Jer 9:17, 13:17, y Ps 119:136; so also %l;h' to run over with, to flow with, Jo 4:18; lz:n" to gush out with, Jer 9:17; @j;n" to drop, to overflow with, Ju 5:4, Jo 4:18 a; xr;P' to break forth, Ex 9:9; @j;v' to overflow, but also (transitively) to overflow with, probably in Is 10:22; bWn to bud with, Pr 10:31; so perhaps also rb;[' to pass over, to overflow with, Jer 5:28; ac'y" to go forth with, Am 5:3.—Especially bold, but still on the analogy of the above examples, is Is 5:6, where it is said of a vineyard tyIv'ñw" rymiv' hl'['w> but it shall come up (it shall be overgrown) with briers and thorns; cf. Pr 24:31, and still more boldly, Is 34:13.

aa
With the opposite idea, rsex' to be in want of, to lack, Gn 18:28; lbov' to be bereared of (as though it were to lose), Gn 27:45.—In Jos 22:17 even Wnl'ñ-j[;m.h; (prop. was there too little for us of … ?) as being equivalent to a verbum inopiae (= had we too little of … ?) is construed with an accusative; cf. Neh 9:32.

bb
(c) Several verbs of dwelling; the accusative in this case expresses either the place or the thing at which or with which any one tarries; thus Gn 4:20, y Ps 22:4 after bv;y", cf. § 118 g; Ju 5:17, Is 33:14 after rWG; y Ps 57:5 after bk;v'; y Ps 68:7, Pr 8:12, Is 33:16 with !k;v'; or even the person (the people) with whom any one dwells or is a guest, as y Ps 5:5, 120:5 after rWG, Gn 30:20 after lb;z", y Ps 68:19 with !k;v'.

cc

5. Two accusatives (usually one of the person and one of the thing) are governed by—

(a) The causative conjugations (PiÇeÒl, HiphÇiÖl, sometimes also Pilpel, e. g. lKel.Ki Gn 47:12, &c.) of verbs which are simply transitive in Qal, and hence also of verba induendi and exuendi, &c. (cf. above a and u, and also y, z), e. g. Ex 33:18 ^d,ñboK.-ta, an" ynIaeñr>h; show me, I pray thee, thy glory. Thus very frequently [;ydIAh to cause some one to know something; dM;li docere aliquem aliquid, &c.; cf. further, Gn 41:42 Atao vBel.Y:w: vve-ydeg>bi and he caused him to put on vestures of fine linen (he arrayed him in vestures, &c.); cf. in the opposite sense, Gn 37:23 (both accusatives after jyvip.hi introduced by ta,); so with aLemi to fill, to fill up with something, Gn 21:19, 26:15, Ex 28:3; rZEai to gird some one with something, y Ps 18:33; rJe[i to crown, y Ps 8:6, &c.; rSexi to cause some one to lack something, y Ps 8:6; lykia/h†, to feed some one with something, Ex 16:32; hq'v.hi to make some one drink something, Gn 19:32 ff.

dd

(b) Many verbs (even in Qal) which express an influence upon the object through some external means. The latter, in this case, is attached as a second object. They are especially—

ee
(a) Verbs which express covering, clothing, overlaying, rg:x' Ex 29:9, hP'ci Ex 26:29, &c., x;Wj Ez 13:10 ff., rj;[' y Ps 5:13; cf. also !b,a, ~g:r' Jos 7:25, &c.; hence also verbs which express sowing ([r;z" Jud 9:45, Is 17:10, 30:23), planting (Is 5:2), anointing (y Ps 45:8) with anything.

ff
(b) Expressions of giving, thus !t;n" Jos 15:19 where the accusative of the thing precedes; endowing, db;z" Gn 30:20; and its opposite taking away, as [b;q' Pr 22:23; %r;Be to bless some one with something, Gn 49:25, Dt 15:14; to give graciously, !n:x' Gn 33:5; to sustain (i. e. to support, to maintain, to furnish) with anything, e. g. Gn 27:37, y Ps 51:14 (%m;s'); Ju 19:5 (d[;s'); to do something to one, lm;G" Gn 50:15, 17, 1 S 24:18; cf. also ~Deqi to come to meet any one with something, y Ps 21:4, ~L;vi to repay some one with something (with two accusatives, y Ps 35:12, Pr 13:21), and for the accusative of the person cf. eu= ( kakw/j pra,ttein tina,. In a wider sense we may also include such phrases as they hunt every man his brother with a net, Mi 7:2; to shoot at one with arrows, y Ps 64:8 (though this is against the accents); Pr 13:24 seeks him early (with) discipline, i. e. chastises him betimes, &c.

gg
(g) Expressions of asking some one for something, desiring something from some one (la;v' Dt 14:26, y Ps 137:3); answering anyone anything (hn"[' Mi 6:5, &c.; cf. in the other conjugations db'D' byvihe prop. verbum reddere, with an accusative of the person, 1 K 12:6, &c., also in the sense of announcing; sometimes also dyGIhi to declare something to some one, Jb 26:4, &c., for l. dyGIhi); hW"ci to enjoin a person something, Ex 34:32, Dt 1:18, 32:46, Jer 7:23.

hh
(d) Expressions which mean to make, to form, to build something out of something; in such cases, besides the accusative of the object proper, another accusative is used for the material of which the thing is made, e. g. Gn 2:7 hm'd'a]h†'-!mi rp'[' ~d'a'h†'-ta, ~yhil{a/ hAhy> rc,yYIòw: and the Lord formed man of the dust of the ground; so with rc;y" also in 1 K 7:15; further Ex 38:3 tv,xñn> hf'[' wyl'Ke-lK' all the vessels thereof made he of brass (for another explanation of the accusative tv,xñn>o [into brass], linguistically possible but excluded by the context, see below, ii with kk); cf. Ex 25:18, 28, 26:1, 14 f, 29, 27:1, 36:8, 1 K 7:27; with a preceding accusative of the material, Ex 25:29, 29:2, Dt 27:6 xB;w>mi-ta, hn<b.Ti tAmlev. ~ynIb'a] hA'hy> of unhewn stones shalt thou build the altar of the Lord.

ii

(c) Verbs which express making, preparing, forming into anything, along with the object proper, take a second accusative of the product, e. g. Gn 27:9 ~yMi[;j.m; ~t'ao hf,[/a†, I will make them (the kids) into savoury meat; cf. Gn 6:14, 16, Ex 26:1b, 30:25, 32:4, Is 44:15, Ho 8:4, 1 K 18:32 hn<b.yIw: x;Bew>mi ~ynIb'a]h†'-ta, and he built the stones (into) an altar; cf. 10:12. So also hp'a', with two accusatives, to bake something into something, Ex 12:39, Lv 24:5; ~yfi (prop. to set up for something, cf. Gn 27:37, 28:18, y Ps 39:9, and similarly ~yrIhe Gn 31:45) to change into something, Jos 8:28, Is 50:2, 51:10, Mi 1:7, 4:13; with two accusatives of the person (to appoint, promote any one to the position of a …), Is 3:7; !t;n" is also used in the same sense with two accusatives, Gn 17:5, and tyvi 1 K 11:34; as a rule, however, the description of the office, and also frequently of the product, is introduced by l. to, § 119 t; also tyvi to make a thing so and so (Is 5:6, 26:1; with a personal object, y Ps 21:7, ¹⁷ 91:9); %yvix.h, to make dark, Am 5:8. Of the same class also are instances like Jb 28:2 hv'Wxn> qWcy" !b,a,ñ a stone they smelt into brass; 1 K 11:30 rf'[' ~ynEv. h'[,ñr'q.YIw: ~y[ir'q. and rent it (the garment) into twelve pieces; cf. Is 37:26, accusative of the product before the object proper, after tAav.h;l. to lay waste. On a second object with verba sentiendi (as [d;y" to know something to be something, Ec 7:25; ha'r' to see, find to be, Gn 7:1; bv;x' to esteem one to be something, Is 53:4, elsewhere always construed with l. or K.), cf. h.

kk
Rem. At first sight some of the examples given above appear to be identical in character with those treated under hh; thus it is possible, e. g. in 1 K 18:32, by a translation which equally suits the sense, he built from the stones an altar, to explain x;Bez>mi as the nearer object and ~ynIb'a]h†'-ta, as an accusative of the material, and the construction would then be exactly the same as in Dt 27:6. In reality, however, the fundamental idea is by no means the same. Not that in the living language an accusative of the material in the one case, and in the other an accusative of the product were consciously distinguished. As Driver (Tenses, § 195) rightly observes, the remoter accusative in both cases is, strictly speaking, in apposition to the nearer. This is especially evident in such examples as Ex 20:25 thou shalt not build them (the stones of the altar) tyzIG" as hewn stones, cf. also Gn 1:27. The main point is, which of the two accusatives, as being primarily affected (or aimed at) by the action, is to be made the more prominent; and on this point neither the position of the words (the nearer object, mostly determinate, as a rule follows immediately after the verb), nor even the context admits of much doubt. Thus in 1 K 18:32 the treatment of the stones is the primary object in view, the erection of the altar for which they were intended is the secondary; in Dt 27:6 the case is reversed.

ll

(d) Finally, the second accusative sometimes more closely determines the nearer object by indicating the part or member specially affected by the action,¹⁸ e. g. y Ps 3:8 for thou hast smitten all mine enemies yxil,ñ (as to) the cheek bone, equivalent to upon the cheek bone; cf. Gn 37:21 let us not smite him vp,n<ò in the life, i. e. let us not kill him; Dt 22:26, 2 S 3:27; also with @Wv Gn 3:15; with h['r' Jer 2:16; in poetry the object specially concerned is, by a bold construction, even placed first, Dt 33:11 (with #x;m').

Footnotes:

¹[2] The verb in question may either have been originally transitive, or only have become transitive by a modification of its original meaning. Thus the vocalization shows that #pex' (to have pleasure, usually with B.) to desire, alem' (to be full of something, also transitive) to fill, were originally intransitive. Cf. also such cases as hk'B' to weep (generally with -l[;Ã -la, or l.), but also to bewail with an accusative; bv;y" to dwell (usually with B.), but also to inhabit with an accusative (cf. further, under u).—The examples are different in which verbs of motion such as aAB intrare, also aggredi, ac'oy" egredi (cf. § 116 h above), bWv redire, Is 52:8, take an accusative of the aim of the motion, while aAB according to the Old Semitic usage, even takes an accusative of the person (at least in poetry, equivalent to -la, aAB in prose).

²[3] On traces of these endings, especially the remains of a former accusative ending in a, cf. § 90 c.

³[4] -ta, (toneless owing to the following Maqqeph), and tae (with a tone-long eÒ, -ta†e only in Jb 41:16), tao or tAa before the light suffixes (on all these forms cf. § 103 b: the underlying form aÒth was obscured in Hebrew to oÖth, shortened to açth before suffixes beginning with a consonant and then modified to -ta,, whence finally the secondary form tae with the tone), Phoenician tya i. e. probably iyyaÒth (for the Phoenician form, cf. G. Hoffmann, Einige phönik. Inschriften, Göttingen, 1889, p. 39 f.), Punic yth or (according to Euting) pronounced even as a mere prefixed t, Arabic, before suffixes, 'iyyaÖ, Aram. ty"Ã ty:. It was no doubt originally a substantive, meaning essence, substance, self (like the Syriac yaÒth;; on the other hand, any connexion with the Hebrew tAa, Syriac 'aÒtaÒ Arabic 'aÒyat, a sign, must, with Nöldeke, ZDMG. xl. 738, be rejected), but now united in the construct state with a following noun or suffix stands for the pronoun ipse, auvto,j. In common use, however (cf. Wilson, 'The particle ta in Hebrew,' Hebraica, vi. 2, 3, and the precise statistics of the use of ta on p. 140 ff.), it has so little force (like the oblique cases auvtou/( auvtwó/( auvto,n, sometimes also ipsius, ipsum, and the Germ. desselben, &c.) that it merely serves to introduce a determinate object; ~yIm;ñV'h; tae prop. auvto.n to.n ouvrano,n (cf. auvth.n Crushi<da, Iliad i. 143) is no stronger than the simple ~yIm;ñV'h; to.n ouvrano,n. Cf., further, P. Haupt on Pr 18:24 in his Rainbow Bible, and also in the Notes on Esther, p. 191.

⁴[1] Thus, in Dt 33, ta occurs only in verse 9 (twice, with an object preceding the verb), in Gn 49 in the blessing of Jacob only in verse 15 with a co-ordinate second object (consequently farther removed from the verb). Of the thirteen instances of ta in the MeÖsëa‘ inscription, seven stand directly and four indirectly before proper names.

⁵[1] According to the ordinary rules of syntax (cf. § 116 t) we should translate, I heard men who said, &c.

⁶[1] Cf. Weiss, hnXmh !wXl jpXm (Vienna, 1867), p. 112.

⁷[2] So also in 1 S 20:13 the Qal (bj;yyI) is, with Wellhausen, to be read instead of the HiphÇiÖl.

⁸[3] Thus 1 S 26:16, where yaew> is to be read for ta,w>; 1 K 11:25, where at present the predicate of the relative clause is wanting; in 2 K 6:5 the ta is probably derived from a text which read the HiphÇiÖl instead of, lp;n". In Jer 23:33 instead of the artificial explanation what a burden (is, do ye ask ?) we should read with the LXX and Vulg. aF'M;h; ~T,a; ye are the burden. In Ez 10:22 ~t'Aaw> ~h,yaer>m; is unintelligible; in 37:19 read with Hitzig -la, for ta; in Hag 2:17 for ~kta read with the LXX ~k,b.v†u [or ~k,n>yae; for the la, cf. 2 K 6:11, Jer 15:1, Ez 36:9].

⁹[1] Dillmann, Grammatik der äthiopischen Sprache, p. 349.

¹⁰[2] With regard to Biblical Aramaic, see Kautzsch's Grammatik des Bibl.-Aram., p. 151 f. In other ways, also, a tendency may be observed in later Hebrew to make use of the looser connexion by means of prepositions instead of the closer subordination of the noun in the accusative.

¹¹[1] On a kindred use of the infinitive absolute as an internal object, see above, § 113 w.

¹²[2] Cf. boula.j bouleu,ein, Iliad x. 147.

¹³[3] The Arab grammarians assign to the indeterminate cases generally an intensive sense in many instances; hence the commentators on the QoraÖn usually explain such cases by adding and what … ! see § 125 b.

¹⁴[4] Also in y Ps 13:4 lest I sleep the sleep of death, tw<M'ñh; is only used pregnantly for tw<M'ñh; tn:v. (cf. Jer 51:39), as tAqd'c. Is 33:15 for tAqd'c. %r,D,ñ. On the similar use of ~ymiT' %leho in y Ps 15:2, see § 118 n.

¹⁵[1] Thus e. g. hn"[' to reply to (avmei,besqai, tina), to answer any one; hW"ci to command (iubere aliquem); rk;z" to remember; hW"qi (also with l.) to wait for anyone (to expect anyone); rF;Bi to bring glad tidings to any one (see the Lexicon); @a;n" and @aenI) to commit adultery (adulterare matronam); db;[' to serve (colere); br;[' to become surety for … , and many others.

¹⁶[1] From the idea of covering oneself with something, we might also, if necessary, explain Ex 30:20 ~yIm; Wcx]r>yI they shall wash themselves with water; but the reading is simply to be emended to the ordinary ~yIM;B;.

¹⁷[1] Cf. a very pregnant expression of this kind in y Ps 21:13 ~k,v,ñ Amteñyvit. yKi for thou shalt make them (as) a neck, i. e. thou shalt cause them to turn their necks (backs) to me; similarly y Ps 18:41 (2 S 22:41, Ex 23:27); @r,[o yLi hT't;ñn" yb;y>a)o thou hast given mine enemies unto me as a back; cf. Jer 18:17.

¹⁸[1] Analogous to this is the sch/ma kaqV o[lon kai. kata. me,roj in Greek epic poetry, e. g. poi/o,n se e;poj fo,ge e[rkoj ovdo,ntwn.