§ 144. Peculiarities in the Representation of the Subject (especially in the Verbal-clause).

a

1. According to § 40 ff. most forms of the finite verb include a specification of the subject in the form of personal afformatives (in the imperfect also in the form of preformatives). Not infrequently, however, masculine forms are used in referring to feminines, e. g. ~T,[.d;yw)i. Ez 23:49; ~t,yfi[] Ru 1:8; in the imperfect, Jo 2:22, Ct 2:7; in the imperative, Am 4:1, Zc 13:7 (for other examples, see § 110 k). On emphasizing the pronominal subject by the addition of the separate pronoun, see § 135 a and b.

On the masculine as prior gender, cf. § 122 g; on similar anomalies in the use of the personal pronoun, § 135 o, in the connexion between substantive and adjective, § 132 d, between subject and predicate, § 145 p, t, u.

b

2.The third person singular is often used impersonally, especially in the masculine, e. g. yhiy>w); and it came to pass, hy"h'w> and it shall come to pass; hr'x' followed by Al, &c., it became hot to him, i.e. he became angry, Gn 4:6, &c.; Al rc,YEòw: lit. and it became strait to him, he was distressed, Gn 32:8; 1 also in the feminine, e. g. 1 S 30:6 (Ju 10:9) rc,Teñw: dwId'l.; Ju 11:39, Jer 7:31, Ez 12:25, Jb 15:32 (unless Atr'Wm† T. in verse 31 be the subject); cf. also the impersonal passives, Is 1:6 (hk'B.ru), 29:6 (dqeP'Ti). Somewhat different are the instances in which the 3rd singular feminine occurs as the predicate of a feminine subject which is not mentioned, but is before the mini of the speaker, e. g. Is 7:7, 14:24, Jer 10:7, Jb 4:5, 18:15 (in 2 K 24:7 rv,a]-lB' is used in this way with a feminine predicate, and in Jer 19:5 rv,a] alone); different, too, are the instances in which the 3rd singular masculine refers to an act just mentioned, e.g. Gn 17:11 hy"h'w> and this (the circumcision) shall be a token of a covenant, &c.

c

Rem. The expressions for natural phenomena may be either in the 3rd sing. masculine or feminine, e. g.rAa it becomes light, 1 S 29:10 (but with an explicit subject, Gn 44:3); rAaYEw: and it became light; so also %vix.y: it grows dark, Jer 13:16; but hk'v.x†'w> Mi 3:6; hp'[uñT' though there be darkness, Jb 11:17 ryjim.T; it rains, Am 4:7 (where, however, the context requires the reading ryjim.a;); y Ps 50:3 hr'[]f.nI it is tempestuous.

d

3. The indefinite personal subject (our they, one, the French on, and the German man2) is expressed—

(a) By the 3rd person singular masculine, e. g. ar'q' one (sc. any one who named it, see the Rem.) called (or calls) it, Gn 11:9, 16:14, 19:22, Ex 15:23; ar'q.YIw: Gn 35:8, 10, 2 S 2:16, Is 9:5; rm,aoñYw: one said, Gn 48:1, 1 S 16:4; 3 other examples are Gn 38:28 one put out a hand; Nu 23:21, 1 K 22:38, Is 6:10 Al ap'r'w> and one heals them; 8:4 (aF'yI); 46:7 (q[;c.yI); Am 6:12, Mi 2:4, Jb 27:23; by the 3rd singular feminine (hd'l.y)') Nu 26:59.

e

Rem. The Jewish commentators, following the Arab grammarians, usually explain these singulars by the addition of the participle (generally determinate) of the same stem, e. g. areQoh; ar'q'. This view is supported by the fact that such a complement sometimes occurs, e.g. Is 16:10 %reDoh; %rod>yI the treader treads out, for one treads out; 28:4, 24 (doth one plow continually ?); Dt 17:6 (Ez 18:32), Dt 22:8, 2 S 17:9 (Ez 33:4), Jer 9:23; with an indeterminate participle (as in Arabic, e.g. qaÒla qaÒÈilun, a sayer says, i.e. some one says), e. g. Nu 6:9, Am 9:1; cf. above, § 116 t, and, on the whole question, Driver on 1 S 16:4.

f

(b) Very frequently by the 3rd plural masculine, e.g. Gn 29:2 for out of that well Wqv.y: they (i.e. people generally) watered the flocks; 26:18, 35:5, 41:14, 49:31, 1 K 1:2, Is 38:16, Ho 12:9, Jb 18:18, 34:20, Est 2:2, Neh 2:7.

g

Rem. The 3rd plur. also is sometimes used to express an indefinite subject, where the context does not admit of a human agent or at least not of several, e. g. Gn 34:27. In such a case the 3rd plur. comes to be equivalent to a passive, as very commonly in Aramaic (see Kautzsch's Gramm. des Bibl. Aram., § 96. 1 c); e.g. Jb 7:3 wearisome nights yli-WNmi have they allotted to me (equivalent to were allotted to me; to make 'invisible powers' the subject is a merely artificial device); Jb 4:19, 6:2, 18:18, 19:26, 34:20, Ez 32:25, y Ps 63:11, Pr 2:22 (in parallelism with a passive); 9:11.

h

(c) By the 2nd singular masculine, e. g. Is 7:25 hM'v'ñ aAbt'-aolaaaaa one will (or can) not come thither (prop. thou wilt …); Jer 23:37, Pr 19:25, 30:28. (unless the reading should be fpeT'Ti). Cf. also ^a]Baaaaao-d[; or simply ^a]Baaaaao (Gn 10:19, 30, 13:10 hk'a]B†o) prop. until thy coming, i. e. until one comes.

i

(d) By the plural of the participle, e. g. Jer 38:23 and all thy wives and thy children ~yaiciAmaaaaa (prop. are they bringing out = ) they will bring out, &c.; cf. Is 32:12, Ez 13:7, Neh 6:10 (for some are coming to slay thee) and the passages discussed above, § 116 t.4 In 1 K 5:1 the text is corrupt.

k

(e) By the passive, e. g. Gn 4:26 aorq.li lx;Wh za' then (was it begun =) began men to call upon, &c. (but read lxehe hz< he began).

l

4. A peculiar idiom, and one always confined to poetic language, is the not infrequent occurrence of two subjects in a verbal sentence,5 one of the person and the other of the thing. The latter then serves—whether it precedes or follows—to state the instrument, organ, or member by which the action in question is performed, and may be most often rendered in English by an adverb, as a nearer definition of the manner of the action. All the examples of this kind have this in common, that the subject denoting the thing takes a suffix in the same person as the personal subject.6 They are thus distinguished from the accusatives treated in § 117 s, with which they are often confused.

m

(a) Examples where the subject denoting the thing precedes, hA'hy>-la, yliAq ar'q.a, my voice—I cry unto the Lord, i.e. I cry aloud unto the Lord, y Ps 3:5, 27:7, 142:2; ytiar'ñq'-yP†i my mouth—I cried, i.e. I cried aloud, y Ps 66:17 (cf. 17:10); Is 26:9 yvip.n: with my soul, i. e. fervently, and parallel with it yxiWr-@a;; but yvip.n: y Ps 57:5 is rather a periphrasis for the 1st pers. I.
(b) Where the subject denoting the thing follows, %leAq ylih]c); cry—thy voice (i. e. aloud), Is 10:30; so also after an imperative, y Ps 17:13 (^B,ñr>x;) and verse 14 (^d>y)'); 60:7, 108:7 (^n>ym†iy>); after a perfect, Hb 3:15 (^ys,ñWs); after a cohortative, y Ps 108:2 (ydIAbK.-@a;). The subject denoting the thing stands between the personal subject and the predicate in y Ps 44:3 ^d>y)' hT'a;.7

n

Rem. 1. Sometimes (as in other languages) an action is ascribed to a subject which can only have been performed at his direction by another person; cf. e. g. Gn 40:22 (41:13), 41:14, 43:34 (and he commanded to set before them, &c.); 46:29, 2 S 12:9.

o

2. Supposed ellipses of a definite subject are due either to a misunderstanding of the passage, or to a corruption of the text. Thus in 1 S 24:11 after sx'T'ñw: either ynIy[e has dropped out (through confusion with ^yl,ñ[') or we should read with the LXX sxua'w)'. In 2 S 13:39 (dwID' lk;T.w:) the text is obviously corrupt.

p

3. In poetic (or prophetic) language8 there sometimes occurs (supposing the text to be correct) a more or less abrupt transition from one person to another. Thus from the 2nd to the 3rd (i.e. from an address to a statement), Gn 49:4 (?), Is 31:6 (?), 42:20, 52:14, 61:7, Mal 2:15 (where, however, for dGOb.yI we should undoubtedly read dGOb.Ti); y Ps 22:9 [and regularly after a vocative, Is 22:16, 47:8, 48:1, 54:1, 11, Jer 22:18, 49:4, 16, Am 5:6 f., Mic 1:2 (= 1 K 22:28), Mal 3:9, 2 K 9:31; and after yAh Is 5:8, 29:15, Jer 22:13]. From the 3rd to the 2nd pers., Dt 32:15, Is 1:29 (but read probably ~t'D'm.x, for ~T,d>m;x], which has caused the insertion of rv,a]), 5:8, Jer 29:19, Jb 16:7, cf. also Dt 32:17. From the 1st to the 3rd pers., La 3:1 (in a relative clause), Is 22:19. In Jb 13:28 the 3rd pers. aWhw> is probably employed deiktikw/j for the 1st.

Footnotes:

1[1] In Arabic and Ethiopic the masculine is commonly used in this case, in Syriac the feminine.—The forms ~x; hot, bAj good, well, rm; bitter, rc; narrow, [r; evil (frequently joined by yliàAl, &c.), which many regard as impersonal, are no doubt to be regarded in most cases not as forms of the 3rd pers. sing. perf., but, with Hupfeld on y Ps 18:7, as adjectives.

2[1] In 1 S 9:9 vyaih' (prop. the man) is used in exactly the same sense as our one

3[2] Elsewhere in such cases Wrm.aoY)w: usually occurs (but not in the perfect, e. g. 1 S 23:22), so that it is doubtful whether the present reading of Gn 48:1, &c., would not be better explained according to § 7 d, note. In Gn 48:2 for the extraordinary dGEY:w: the common form dG:uYw: is to be read; so in 50:26 for ~f,yYIw: (after a plural) either ~f;WYw: or the 3rd plur.; in 2 K 21:23 WrB.q.YIw:.

4[1] That this form of expression also (see g) comes to be equivalent to a passive is seen from the analogy of such Aramaic passages as Dn 4:22, which exclude any idea of human agency. Cf. Kautzsch, Gramm. des Bibl. Aram., § 76. 2 e at the end, and in post.-bibl. Hebrew, e.g. Pirqe Aboth 2, 16; 3, 5, &c.

5[2] Two subjects occur in a noun-clause in y Ps 83:19.

6[3] In Ex 6:3 ymiv. is subordinated to the following passive yTi[.d;ñAn (§ 121 b); in 1 S 25:26, 33 ydIy"à^d>y)' are subjects to the infinitive absolute [;veAh, according to § 113 gg. In y Ps 69:11 read hN<[;a]w)' for hK,b.a,w)'.

7[4] In several of the above examples it might naturally be supposed that the subject denoting the thing (especially when it follows the verb) is to be explained rather as a casus instrumentalis, i. e. as an accusative, analogous to the adverbial accusatives in § 118 q. But although it is true that the subject denoting the thing often defines more closely the manner in which the action is performed, and although in similar (but still different) examples, y Ps 89:2, 109:30, Jb 19:16, yPi occurs with B. instrumentale, the explanation given above must nevertheless be accepted.

8[1] In prose, Lv 2:8; but Hb'yrIq.hiw> here is hardly the original reading. Different from this is Gn 26:7, where there is a transition to direct narration.