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organised in the array of our spiritual enemies. Each is to be dealt with severally: prov"...prov"... prov"...prov" . Compare John 16:8 periv...periv...periv . The three classes distinguished all belong to ‘this darkness.’

The forces with which we have to contend are not ultimately human. Our earthly adversaries are stirred by powers of another order (John 13:2; Acts 5:3). Comp. August. de verbo Dom. 8 Vasa sunt, alius utitur: organa sunt, alius tangit (Meyer).
tou;" kosmokr .] Latt. mundi rectores: the world-rulers. The title stands in significant contrast with pantokravtwr (2 Cor. 6:18; Apoc. 1:8, 4:8, 11:17, 15:3, 16:7, 14, 19:6, 15, 21:22). Compare John 12:31 oJ a[rcwn tou' kovsmou touvtou ; 14:30 oJ tou' kovsmou a[rcwn ; 2 Cor. 4:4 oJ qeo;" tou' aijw'no" touvtou . The Tempter speaks of his power over the world as ‘delivered unto him’ (Lk. 4:6 ejmoi; paradevdotai ). The word kosmokravtwr was transliterated and used by Rabbinical writers for ‘ruler of world- wide power.’

See also Iren. 1.1.10 jEk de; th'" luvph" ta; pneumatika; th'" ponhriva" didavskousi (sc. oiJ Oujalentivnou maqhtai; ) gegonevnai: o{qen to;n diavbolon th;n gevnesin ejschkevnai, o}n kai; kosmokravtora kalou'si, kai; ta; daimovnia, kai; tou;" ajggevlou", kai; pa'san th;n pneumatikh;n th'" ponhriva" uJpovstasin .

Test. xii. Patr. Sym. ( peri; fqovnou ) § d. Kai; uJma'" ou\n, tevkna mou ajgaphtav, ajgaphvsate e{kasto" to;n ajdelfo;n aujtou' ejn ajgaqh'/ kardiva/ kai; ajposthvsate ajfj uJmw'n to; pneu'ma tou' fqovnou, o{ti ajgrioi' tou'to th;n yuch;n kai; fqeivrei to; sw'ma, ojrgh;n kai; povlemon parevcei to; diabouvlion ( v. l. tw'/ diaboulivw/ ) kai; eij" ai{mata paroxuvnei kai; eij" e[kstasin a[gei th;n diavnoian kai; oujk eja'/ th;n suvnesin ajnqrwvpoi" ejnergei'n: ajlla; kai; to;n u{pnon ajfairei' kai; klovnon parevcei th'/ yuch'/ kai; trovmon tw'/ swvmati: o{ti kaivge ejn u{pnw/ ti" zh'lo" kakiva" aujto;n fantavzousa katesqivei kai; ejn pneuvmati ponhroi'" diataravssei th;n yuch;n aujtou' kai; ejkqroei'sqai to; sw'ma poiei' kai; ejn tarach'/ diupnivzesqai to;n nou'n kai; wJ" pneu'ma ponhro;n kai; ijobovlon e[cwn ou{tw" faivnetai toi'" ajnqrwvpoi" .

[Harvey (on Irenaeus l. c. ) quotes also Didascalia Orientalis (ad calc. Clem. Al. Hypotypos. ) § 48. Kai; poiei' ejk tw'n uJlikw'n to; me;n ejk luvph" oujsiw'de", ktivzwn pneumatika; th'" ponhriva" pro;" a} hJ pavlh hJmi'n .]
tou' skovtou" touvtou ] Comp. c. Eph. 5:11; Lk. 22:53; 1 Cor. 4:5; Rom. 2:19; 13:12; Col. 1:13; 1 John 1:6; and skotiva John 1:5; 8:12; 12:46; 1 John 2:8 f.; 11.

The phrase to; skovto" tou'to is moulded on oJ aijw;n ou|to", oJ kov" mo" ou|to" . pro;" ta; pn. t. p. ejn t. ejp .] against the spiritual forces of wickedness in the heavenly order. This clause sums up in an abstract form all the powers of evil which work in the unseen order. Man's conflict, in man's life, is partly on earth and partly in ‘the heavenly realm.’ He is met by spiritual enemies in both. We are not to conceive of this heavenly realm as properly local, though we are constrained so to represent it. The term describes rather a mode of existence than a place. Comp. Eph. 1:3 note.

There appears to be no force in the combination of ejn t. ejp . with ta; pn. t. pon . as if the heavenly realm were their dwelling-place (comp. Eph. 2:6).

It will be noticed that ‘the world’ itself is not spoken of as our antagonist, but the evil powers which have usurped the rule over it. We must ‘overcome’ the world (1 John 5:5) even as Christ ‘overcame’ it (John 16:33) by suffering. Compare Ruskin, Modern Painters , v. p. 385 (small edition).

‘I do not know what my England desires, or how long she will choose to do as she is doing now; with her right hand casting away the souls of men and with her left the gifts of God. In the prayers which she dictates to her children, she tells them to


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