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emphasis in the repetition pavnta" ... pavnta" ... all...all ... which probably points to the peculiar circumstances of the Church. Comp. Phil. 4:21 ajsp. pavnta a{gion ejn Cristw'/ . The special salutation of ‘all that have the rule’ implies that the letter was not addressed officially to the Church, but to some section of it. The patristic commentators notice the significance of the clause:

Aijnivttetai oJ lovgo" wJ" oiJ prostateuvonte" aujtw'n toiauvth" didaskaliva" oujk e[crh/zon : ou| dh; cavrin oujk ejkeivnoi" ejpevsteilen ajlla; toi'" maqhtai'" (Theodt.).

{Ora pw'" aujtou;" tima'/ ei[ge dij aujtw'n tou;" hJgoumevnou" prosagoreuvei (Theophlct.).
ajsp. uJ. oiJ ajpo; th'" jIt. ] They of Italy salute you , Vulg. Salutant vos de Italia. The phrase may mean either (1) ‘those who are in Italy send greeting from Italy,’ or (2) ‘those of Italy,’ that is Italian Christians who were with the writer at the time, ‘send greeting.’ The former rendering is adequately illustrated by Matt. 24:17; Luke 11:13; Col. 4:16; and it is adopted by the Fathers: oiJ ajpo; th'" jItaliva" : e[deixe povqen gevgrafe th;n ejpistolhvn (Theodt.); apertissime his verbis nobis innuit quod Romae hanc epistolam scripserit quae in regione Italiae sita est (Primas.).

The choice between the two renderings will be determined by the view which is taken of the place from which the Letter was written. The words themselves contribute nothing to the solution of the question.

Heb. 13:25. The same greeting is found Tit. 3:15. Every Epistle of St Paul includes in its final greeting the wish for ‘grace’ to those who receive it.

JH cavri" is used absolutely in Eph. 6:24 hJ cavri" meta; pavntwn tw'n ajgapwvntwn .... Col. 4:18; 1 Tim. 6:21; 2 Tim. 4:22 hJ cavri" meqj uJmw'n .

Generally ‘the grace’ is defined as ‘the grace of our Lord [Jesus Christ]’ (Rom., 1, 2 Cor., Gal., Phil., 1, 2 Thess., Phm.).

In 1 Cor. 16:23 and 2 Cor. 13:13 significant additions are made to the prayer for grace (‘my love, ‘the love of God, and the fellowship of the Holy Spirit’). In 1 Pet., 3 John the prayer is for ‘love,’ not for ‘grace.’ There is no corresponding greeting in James, 2 Pet., 1, 2 John, Jude.

The simplicity of the final greeting when compared with the ordinary forms of salutation in the Epistles is remarkable.
meta; p. uJm. ] 2 Thess. 3:18; 1 Cor. 16:24; 2 Cor. 13:13; Rom. 15:33. On the sense of cavri" Theophylact writes: tiv" dev ejstin hJ cavri" ; hJ a[fesi" tw'n aJmartiw'n, hJ kavqarsi", hJ tou' pneuvmato" metavlhyi" . And Primasius, more in detail: Gratiae nomine debemus hic accipere fidem perfectam cum exsecutione bonorum operum, remissionem quoque peccatorum quam percipiunt fideles tempore baptismatis, donum etiam Spiritus Sancti quod datur in baptismate per impositionem manus episcoporum, quae omnia gratis a Deo dantur. The changes in the revised texts of Haymo and Atto are worth notice.

Additional Note on Hebrews 13:10. On the history of the word

qusiasthvrion .

The word qusiasthvrion is found first in the LXX. From the LXX. it passed into the vocabulary of Philo, of the N.T., and of Christian writers. It is not quoted from classical authors, who have (though rarely) the


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