§ 65. Verbs Third Guttural, e. g. xl;v' to send.1

a

1. According to § 22 d, when the last syllable has a vowel incompatible with the guttural (i.e. not an a-sound), two possibilities present themselves, viz. either the regular vowel remains, and the guttural then takes furtive PathahÌ, or PathahÌ (in pause QamesÌ) takes its place. More particularly it is to be remarked that —

(a) The unchangeable vowels y¤iàAàW (§ 25 b) are always retained, even under such circumstances; hence inf. abs. Qal x;Alv', part. pass. x;Wlv', Hiph. x;yliv.hi, imperf. x;yliv.y:, part. x;yliv.m;. So also the less firm oÒ in the inf. conster. xl{v. is almost always retained: cf., however, xl;v., in close connexion with a substantive, Is 58:9, and [w:G> Nu 20:3. Examples of the infinitive with suffixes are ^x]r>b'B. Gn 35:1; A[g>piB. Nu 35:19; H['b.rIl.; Lv 18:23, &c.

b

(b) The imperfect and imperative Qal almost always have aç in the second syllable, sometimes, no doubt, due simply to the influence of the guttural (for a tone-long oÒ, originally uç), but sometimes as being the original vowel, thus xl;v.yIàxl;v., &c.; with suffixes ynIxeñl'v.yIàynIxeñl'v., see § 60 c.

Exceptions, in the imperfect xwlsa Jer 5:7, Keth. (xl;s.a, QereÖ); in the imperative x;boj. Gn 43:16. On such cases as h['f\p.a, Is 27:4, cf. § 10 h.

c

(c) Where SÍere would be the regular vowel of the final syllable, both forms (with eÒa and aç) are sometimes in use; the choice of one or the other is decided by the special circumstances of the tone, i.e.: —

d

Rem. 1. In the absolute state of the participle Qal, PiÇeÒl and HithpaÇeÒl, the forms x;levo (with suff. yxil.v)o, but ^x]l†evo), x;Lev;m. (with suff. ^x]L†v;m.), and [;GET;v.mi are used exclusively; except in verbs [¾¾l where we find, in close connexion, also yj;nO y Ps 94:9, [g:ro Is 51:15, Jer 31:35, [q;ro Is 42:5, 44:24, [q;Ar y Ps 136:6, [Í;vo Lv 11:7, all with the tone on the last syllable.— The part. PuÇal is [B;rum. Ez 45:2 according to the best authorities (Kittel [B'rum.).

e

2. Similarly, in the imperf. and inf. NiphÇal, and in the perf. inf. and imperf. piÇeÒl the (probably more original) form with aç commonly occurs in the body of the sentence, and the fuller form with eÒa in pause (and even with the lesser distinctives, e. g. with Dehi y Ps 86:4 in the imperative PiÇeÒl; with TÍiphhÌa 1 K 12:32 in the infinitive PiÇeÒl; Jer 4:31 imperfect HithpaÇeÒl; Jer 16:6 imperfect NiphÇal), cf. e. g. [r;G"yI Nu 27:4, with [;r†eG"yI 36:3; [k;V'YIw: Dt 1:34, even with retraction of the tone in the inf. abs. NiphÇal [b;V'ñhi Nu 30:3 (elsewhere [;beV'hi Jer 7:9, 12:16 twice, in each case without the pause); -[Q;b;T. Hb 3:9, with [;Q†eb;T. Ez 13:11; [L;B; to devor Hb 1:13, Nu 4:20 with [;L+eB; La 2:8; for infinitive HithpaÇeÒl, cf. Is 28:20. The infinitive absolute PiÇeÒÔl has the form x;Lev; Dt 22:7, 1 K 11:22; the infinitive construct, on the other hand, when without the pause is always as xL;v; except x;Lev;l. Ex 10:4.— x;Bez:y> Hb 1:16 has eÒ, though not in pause, and even x;Bez:y>w: 2 K 16:4, 2 Ch 28:4; but a in pause in the imperative NiphÇal xn+;a'h†e Ez 21:11; jussive piÇeÒl rx;a;T. y Ps 40:18; cf. § 52 n. An example of aç in the imperative PiÇeÒl under the influence of a final r is -rT;K; Jb 36:2, in the imperfect NiphÇal rc;['T†ew: Nu 17:13, &c.— In x;rIp.y: Jb 14:9 (cf. y Ps 92:14, Pr 14:11), Barth (see above, § 63 n) finds an i-imperfect of Qal. since the intransitive meaning is only found in Qal.

f

3. In the 2nd sing. masc. of the imperatve, and in the forms of the jussive and imperfect consecutive of HiphÇiÖl which end in gutturals, a alone occurs, e. g. xl;c.h; prosper thou, xj;b.y: let him make to trust, xm;c.Y:w: and he made to grow (so in Hithpalpel Hm;h.m;t.yI, &c., Hb 2:3); even in pause xl+;c.Y:w: 1 Ch 29:23, and, with the best authorities, xk†'Ayw> 1 Ch 12:17(18); ~k,[]v†;yw> Is 35:4 is perhaps to be emended into  ä[]v†iyw> ( =  ä[yviAyw>).— In the infinitive absolute SÍere remains, e. g. H;Beg>h; to make high; as infinitive construct xk;Ah also occurs in close connexion (Jb 6:26); on [;veAh as infinitite construct (1 S 25:26, 33), cf. § 53 k.

g

2. When the guttural, with quiescent SèewaÖ stands at the end of a syllable, the ordinary strong form remains when not connected with suffixes, e. g. T'x.l;ñv'àyTix.l;ñv.. But in the 2nd sing. fem. perfect a helping-PathahÌ takes the place of the SèewaÖ, T.x;k;ñv' Jer 13:25 (§ 28 e); also in 1 K 14:3, T.x;q;ñl' is to be read, not T.x.q;l'.

h

Rem. The soft combination with compound SèewaÖ occurs only in the 1st plur. perfect with suffixes, since in these forms the tone is thrown one place farther forward, e. g. ^Wnò[]d†;y> we know thee, Ho 8:2 (cf. Gn 26:29, y Ps 44:18, 132:6). Before the suffixes ^ and ~k,, the guttural must have ¤], e. g. ^x]l†'v.a, I will send thee, 1 S 16:1; ^x]L†ev;a]w)' Gn 31:27; ^[]ym†iv.a; Jer 18:2.
On the weak verbs a¾¾l, see especially § 74.

Footnotes:

1[1] Verbs h¾¾l in which the h is consonantal obviously belong also to this class, e. g. Hb;G" to be high, Hm;T' to be astonished, Hh;m' (only in Hithpalpel) to delay.