§ 78. Verbs Defectiva.

a

It often happens, when two kindred weak verbs are in use with the same meaning, that both are defective, i. e. do not occur in all the forms. Since, however, those tenses and forms which are not in use in the one verb are generally supplied by the other, they mutually complete one another, and thus form together, as it were, an entire verb, as in Greek e;rcomai, aor. h=lqon, fut. evleu,somai, and in Latin fero, tuli, latum, ferre, &c., but with this difference, that in Hebrew the roots of these verbs are almost always closely related.

b

The most common verbs of this kind are —

vB to be ashamed. HiphÇiÖl vybihe ( inferred from t'Avñybih/), but also vybiho; vybiAh, as if from vby, on the analogy of verbs w¾¾p; also in Is 30:5 the QereÖ requires vybiho, where the KethiÖbh has vyaib.hi from va;B'.
bAj to be good. Perfect bAj; but imperfect bj;yyI and HiphÇiÖl byjiyhe from bj;y" (but cf. t'boñyjih/ 2 K 10:30).
rnOy" to be afraid. Imperfect, rWgy" (from rWG).
#q;y" to awake, only in the imperf. #q;yyI; for the perfect, the HiphÇiÖl #yqihe is used (from #Wq).
#p;n" to break in pieces. Imperfect #Wpy" (from #WP). Imperative. #WP. NiphÇal #Apn". PiÇeÒl #PegI (from #p;n"). PoÖleÒl #ceAP (from #WP). Reflexive #ceAPt.hi. HiphÇil #ypihe. Also #Pec.Pi Jb 16:12.
bc;n" (Qal in post-biblical Hebrew, in Aramaic and Arabic) to place, whence (possibly) NiphÇal bC;nI and HiphÇiÖl byCihi (see above, § 71); but HithpaÇeÒl bCey:t.hi.
ht'v' to drink, used in Qal; but in Hiph. hq'v.hi to give to drink, from a Qal hq'v' which is not used in Hebrew.
On %l;h' ¿%l;y"À to go, see above, § 69 x.

c

Rem. 1. To the same category belong also, to a certain extent, those cases where the tenses or moods not in use in one conjugation, are supplied by forms having the same meaning in other conjugations of the same verb, Thus:
@s;y" to add. The infinitive (but cf. § 69 h, note) and imperfect, unused in Qal, are supplied by the HiphÇiÖl @ysiAh; @ysiAy (on @seAy as imperfect indicative, see § 109 d, cf. also § 109 i).
lv;K' to stumble. Perfect from Qal, imperfect from NiphÇal.
vgn to approach, unused in perf. Qal, instead of which NiphÇal vG:nI is used; but imperfect vG:yI, imperative vG:, and infinitive tX,G<Ð from Qal only are in use.
hx'n" to lead. Perfect usually hx'n" in Qal, so imperative hxen>, but imperfect and infinitive always in HiphÇiÖl.
÷tn to be poured out. Perfect NiphÇal %T;nI with imperfect Qal %T;yI, but the perfect Qal and imperfect NiphÇal are not in use.
2. The early grammarians often speak of mixed forms (formae mixtae), i. e. forms which unite the supposed character and meaning of two different tenses, genders, or conjugations. Most of the examples adduced are at once set aside by accurate grammatical analysis; some others appear to have arisen from misapprehension and inaccuracy, especially from erroneous views of unusual plene forms. Others, again, are either merely wrong readings or represent an intentional confiation of two different readings.