§ 84a. Nouns derived from the Simple Stem.

a

Preliminary remark. — From the statement made above, § 83 d, it follows that an external similarity between forms is no proof of their similar origin, and, vice versa, external difference does not exclude the possibility of their being closely related both in origin and meaning.

1. Nouns with One Vowel, originally Short.

R.RuâzicÛka, 'Beiträge zur Erklärung der nomina segolata,' in Sitz.-ber.d. böhmischen Ges. d. Wiss., Prag, 1904.
1. Nouns with one of the three short vowels after the first radical: present ground-form qaÁtl, qiÁtl, quÁtl.
The supposition of monosyllabic ground-forms appeared to be required by the character of forms now existing in Hebrew, as well as in Arabic, &c. But there are strong reasons for believing that at least a large proportion of these forms go back to original dissyllabic bases with a short vowel in each syllable. When formative additions were made, the vowel of the 2nd syllable was dropped, i, e. before case-endings in Assyrian and early Arabic, and before pronominal suffixes in Hebrew. From the forms thus produced, the bases qatÌl, qitÌl, qutÌl have been assumed, although they never appear in Hebrew except in the singular and then in connexion with suffixes.
In support of this view of a large number of original dissyllabic bases, we must not, however, appeal to the SeghoÖl or PathahÌ under the 2nd consonant of the existing developed forms, rp,señ; [r;z<Ð, &c. These are in no sense survivals or modifications of an original full vowel in the 2nd syllable, but are mere helping-vowels (§ 28 e) to make the monosyllabic forms pronounceable,1 and consequently disappear when no longer needed. Under certain circumstances even (e. g. in j.v.q) they are not used at all. Actual proofs of such original toneless full vowels in the 2nd syllable of existing Segholates are —
1. Forms like Arab. malik, for, which rarely malk, corresponding to the Hebrew ground-form; cf. De Lagarde, Uebersicht, p. 72 ff.
2. In Hebrew rd,G<Ð; %r,y<Ð; db,K,ñ; @t,K,ñ, the connective forms of rdeG"; %rey", &c., which latter can only come front ground-forms gaÁdiÁr, yaÁriÁk, kaÁdiÁd, kaÁtiÁp.
3. The forms treated under e, which are in many ways related to the Segholates proper, in so far as they are to be referred to original dissyllabic bases.
4. The plurals of Hebrew Segholates, since, with very rare exceptions, they take QamesÌ under the 2nd radical before the termination ~y¤i, fem. tA¤, of the absolute state, as ~ykil'm.; tAkl'm.; ~yrIp's., &c. This QamesÌ (see note 1 on § 26 e) can only be due to a lengthening of an original short vowel in the 2nd syllable, and hence it would seem as though the vowel were always eÁ. This is impossible from what has been said, especially under 1 and 2. Hence the explanation of the consistent occurrence of QamesÌ in the plurals of all Segholates can only be that the regularly formed plurals (i. e. from singulars with original aÁ in the 2nd syllable) became the models for all the others, and ultimately even for some really monosyllabic forms.2
(a) From the strong stem the above three ground-forms are further developed to lj,q,ñ,3lj,qeñ; lj,qoñ (cf. § 27 r and in § 93 the explanations of Paradigm I, a–c); without a helping vowel (§ 28 d) j.v.q truth. If the second or third radical be a guttural, a helping PathahÌ takes the place of the helping SeghoÖl, according to § 22 d, e. g. [r;z<ñ seed, xc;nEÐ eternity, l[;Poñ work; but with middle h or x, note ~x,l,ñ bread, ~x,r,ñ (as well as ~x;r;ñ) womb, lh,aoñ tent, !h,Boñ thumb; so with final a, ar,P,ñ a wild ass, &c.; with a middle guttural also the modification of the principal vowel aÁ to eÊ does not occur, e. g. bh;r;ñ; r[;n:Ð; #x;l;ñ (exceptions, again, ~x,l,ñ; ~x,r,ñ). On the inflexion, cf. § 93, Paradigm I, a–f, and the explanations. In aj.xe sin, the a has wholly lost its consonantal value.

b

Examples of feminines: hB'l.m; (directly from the ground-form malk, king), hr't.si a covering (also rt,señ), hl'k.a' food (also lk,aoñ); with a middle guttural hr'[]n); girl, hr'h\j†' purity (also rh;joñ). Cf. § 94, Paradigm I.

c

(b) From weak stems: (a) from stems !¾¾[, e. g. @a; nose (from ’aÁnp, hence with formative additions, e. g. yPia; for ’anpiÖ, my nose); z[e a she-goat (groundform ‘iÁnz); fem. hj'xi wheat; (b) from stems [¾¾[ (§ 93, Paradigm I, l–n); tP; a morsel, ~[; people (so, when in close connexion with the next word; unconnected ~['; with article ~['h'; ~['l', &c.); br; in the sense of much, but br' great, numerous (in close connexion also br;); [r' evil, with the article in close connexion [r;h', unconnected [r'h'; with the aÁ always lengthened to aÒ, ~y" sea; fem. hY"x; life, and with attenuation of the aÁ to iÁ, hD'mi measure; from the ground-form qiÁtÌl, ~ae mother; fem. hZ"GI a shearing; from the ground-form quÁtÌl, qxo statute, fem. hQ'xu. (g) from stems W¾¾[ (Paradigm I, g and i); tw<m'ñ death (from ma-ut, the u passing into the corresponding consonant, as in %w<T'ñ middle) or contracted ~Ay day, jAv whip, rAv a bull; fem. hl'w>[; perverseness (also contracted hl'A[); from the ground-form quÁtÌl, rWc a rock; fem. hp'Ws a storm. (d) from stems y¾¾[ (Paradigm I, h); TyIz:ñ an olive-tree (with a helping HÍireq instead of a helping SeghoÖl) from za-it, the i passing into the corresponding consonant; or contracted qyxe bosom, lyxe 2 K 18:17 (elsewhere lyIx;ñ) host; fem. hb'yfe grey hair; from the ground-form qiÁtÌl, !yDI judgement; fem. hn"yBi understanding. (e) from stems h¾¾l (Paradigm I, k); partly forms such as hk,B,ñ weeping, hg<h,ñ murmuring, hd,n<Ð a present, hc,q,ñ the end, partly such as ykiB.; yrIa] a lion (ground-form baÁky, ’aÁry); cf. also the forms from stems originally w¾¾l; Wxf'ñ swimming (ground-form saÁhÌw); fem. hw"l.v; rest, hw"a]G); exaltation; from stems y¾¾l; hy"l.a; a fat tail, and with attenuation of aÁ to iÁ hy"b.vi captivity, also tybiv., formed no doubt directly from the masc. ybiv. with the fem. termination t; from the ground-form qiÁtÌl, ycix] (from hÌiÁsÌy); fem. hw"d>x, joy, hy"r>[, and hw"r>[, nakedness; from the ground-form quÁtÌl, WhBo (from boÁhw) waste, WhToñ emptiness; yliD>, for yliD\, bucket; fem. hY"nIa\ a ship (directly from ynIa\ a fleet).

d

The masculines as well as the feminines of these segholate forms may have either an abstract or a concrete meaning. In the form lj,qoñ the passive or at any rate the abstract meaning is by far the more common (e. g. r[;nOÐ youthfulness, abstract of r[;n:Ð boy; lk,aoñ food, &c.).4

e

2. Nouns with one of the three short vowels under the second radical (present ground-form qetÌaÁl, qetÌiÁl, qetÌuÁl), e. g. vb;D> honey, yw:D> sickness, tt;x] terror; and so always with middle a; raeB. a well, baez> a wolf, vaB. stench. In reality these forms, like the segholates mentioned in No. 1 (see above, a), are, probably, for the most part to be referred to original dissyllabic forms, but the tone has been shifted from its original place (the penultima) on to the ultima. Thus dibasÛ (originally di basÛ) as ground-form of vb;D> is supported both by the Hebrew yvib.DI (with suffix of the first person), and by the Arabic dibs, the principal form; biÈir (according to Philippi with assimilation of the vowel of the second syllable to that of the first) as ground-form of raeB. is attested by the Arabic biÈr; for vaB. (Arabic buÈs) similarly a ground-form buÈusÛ may be inferred, just as a ground-form quÛtÌuÛl underlies the infinitives of the form ljoq..5

II. Nouns with an original Short Vowel in both Syllables.

f

3. The ground-form qaÁtÌaÁl, fem. qaÁtÌaÁlaÁt, developed in Hebrew to lj'q' (§ 93, Paradigm II, a, b) and hl'j'q. (§§ 94, 95, Paradigm II, a, b), mostly forms intransitive adjectives, as ~k'x' wise, vd'x' new, rv'y" upright; but also substantives, as rb'D' a word, and even abstracts, as ~v'a' guilt, b['r' hunger, [b'f' satiety; in the fem. frequently abstract, as hq'd'c.6 righteousness; with an initial guttural hm'd'a] earth. — Of the same formation from verbs [¾¾[ are dd'B' alone, !n"[' cloud; passive ll'x' pierced. — In verbs h¾¾l a final YoÖdh is almost always rejected, and the aÁ of the second syllable lengthened to eÊ. Thus yd;f' field, after rejection of the y and addition of h as a vowel-letter, becomes hd,f' (cf. § 93, Paradigm II, í ); fem. e. g. hn"v' year; cf. § 95, Paradigm II, c. From a verb w¾¾l the strong form wn"[' afflicted occurs.

g

4. The ground-form qaÁtÌiÁl, fem. qaÁtÌiÁlaÁt, developed to ljeq' (§ 93, Paradigm II, c–e) and hl'jeq., is frequently used as participle of verbs middle e (§ 50 b), and hence mostly with an intransitive meaning; cf. !qiz" old, an old man; dbeK' heavy; fem. hm'heB. cattle, hl'pea] and hk'vex] darkness. — From verbs y¾¾p: irregularly, wyt'AYliD†' the branches of it, Jer 11:16, &c., generally referred to a sing. tyliD' (stem hld), and wyt'AYrIh†' Ho 14:1 their women with child (from hr'h', st. constr. tr;h], plur. st. absol. and constr. tArh'). — From a verb w¾¾l with consonantal WaÒw: wlev' at ease, incorrectly written plene wylev' Jb 21:23.

h

5. The ground-form qaÁtÌuÁl, developed to ljoq' (also written lAjq'), generally forms adjectives, e. g. ~yOa' terrible, droB' piebald, qAtm' sweet, dqon" speckled, tbo[' interwoven, lgO[' round, qmo[' deep, bqo[' hilly, bhoc' golden; !joq' small, only in sing. masc., with a parallel form !j'q' of the class treated under í, fem. hN"j;q., plur. ~yNIj;q.. These forms are not to be confounded with those in No. III, from the ground-form qaÁtÌaÖl. — Fem. hM'yUa]; hD'WbK., ( glorious ), hT'bu[]; hG"nU[] ( delicate ), hL'gU[]; hQ'mu[], with sharpening of the third radical, in order to keep the original uÁ short, and similarly in the plurals ~yDIruB.; ~yDIqun>; ~yLigU[]; ~yPisua] stores, &c.

i

6. The ground-form qiÁtÌaÁl, develops to lj'qe (cf. § 93, Paradigm II, Rem. I ), e. g. bb'le heart, bn"[e a bunch of grapes, rk've strong drink; from a verb h¾¾l, probably of this class is h[,re, generally contracted to [re friend, ground-form riÇay: the full form is preserved in Wh[eñre his friend, for Why[eñre.

III. Nouns with an original Short Vowel in the First and a Long Vowel in the Second Syllable.

k

7. The ground-form qaÁtÌaÖl in Hebrew always develops to the form lAjq', the aÖ becoming an obscure oÖ. The fact that this form is also written ljoq' must not lead to the confusion of these forms with those mentioned in No. 5, from the ground-form qaÁtÌuÁl.7 Moreover the qatÌoÖl-class includes forms of various origin, and therefore of various meaning, as (a) intransitive adjectives like lAdG" great, vAdq' holy, fem. hl'AdG>, the short vowel becoming S–ewaÖ, whereas in lAdG", &c., before the tone it is lengthened to aÒ; (b) the infinitives absolute of the form lAjq' (§ 45 a) as representing the abstract idea of the verb, and abstract substantives like dAbK' honour, ~Alv' peace (Arab. saÁlaÖm); (c) substantives and adjectives in an active sense, as !AxB' assayer (of metals), qAv[' an oppressor, #Amx' oppressing; in the feminine hd'AgB†' treacherous Jer 3:7, 10, the irregular retention of the aÒ in the third syllable from the end is no doubt to be explained, with Brockelmann, from Aramaic influence, the punctuator having in mind the Aramaic nomen agentis qaÖtÌoÖl.

l

8. The ground-form qaÁtÌiÖl develops to lyjiq' (cf. § 93, Paradigm IV, a and b). Here also forms of various origin and meaning are to be distinguished: (a) adjectives used substantivally with a passive meaning to denote duration in a state, as rysia' a prisoner, x;yvim' an anointed one. These proper qaÁtÌiÖl-forms are parallel to the purely passive qatÌuÖl-forms (see m), but others are due to a strengthening of original qatÌiÁl-forms. These are either (b) intransitive in meaning, as ry[ic' small, and, from y¾¾l stems, yqin" pure, ynI[' poor(see § 93 vv), or (c) active, as aybin" a speaker (prophet), dyqiP' an overseer. — Of a different kind again (according to De Lagarde, infinitives) are (d) forms like @ysia' the ingathering, ryciB' vintage, vyrIx' ploughing time, ryciq' harvest. On qaÁtæÌiÖl forms with a kindred meaning, cf. § 84b f.

m

9. The ground-form qaÁtÌuÖl develops to lWjq'. As in the qatÌaÖl and qatÌiÖl-forms (see k and l), so here forms of various kinds are to be distinguished: (a) qatÌuÖl-forms proper, with passive meaning, especially all the passive participles of Qal; fem. e. g. hl'WtB. virgin (properly secluded). On the other hand, by strengthening an original qatÌuÁl-form we get (b) certain stative adjectives (§ 50 f), as vWna' incurable, ~Wc[' strong, ~Wr[' subtil, or even transitive, as zWxa' holding; (c) active substantives, as vWqy" a fowler. Further, some of the forms mentioned in § 84b g belong to this class; see above, the remark on l.

n

10. The ground-form qaÁtÌaÖl or quÁtÌaÖl8 in Hebrew changes the iÁ to vocal SewaÖ, and develops to lj'q. (cf. § 93, Paradigm IV, c) or lAjq., with aÖ obscured to oÖ (as above, k). Cf. ra'v. remnant, rq'y> honour, bt'K. book (Arab. kiÁtaÖb), br'q. war (the last three probably loan-words from the Aramaic); of the other form, ~Alx] a dream, rAmx] an ass (Arab. hÌiÁmaÖr), H;Ala/ God (Arab. ’iÁlaÖh); with a prosthetic (§ 19 m), [;Arz>a, arm (twice: usually [;Arz>); fem. hr'AfB. good news (Arab. biÁsÛaÖraÁt); hd'Ab[] service, tb,toñK. (Arab. kiÁtaÖbaÁt) tattooing.

o

11. The ground-form qiÁtÌiÖl seems to occur e. g. in Hebrew lywIa/ foolish, lylia/ vanity, lydIB. lead, lysiK. a fool, ryzIx] a swine (the prop. name, ryzIxe points to the ground-form qiÁtÌiÖl, cf. Arab. hÌiÁnziÖr).

p

12. The ground-form qiÁtÌuÖl or quÁtÌuÖl, Hebr. lWjq., e. g. lWbG> a boundary, vWbl. a garment; fem. hr'WbG> strength, hn"Wma/ faithfulness.

q

Rem. When the forms qetÌuÖl and qetÌoÖl begin with a, they almost invariably take in the singular a SÍere under the a instead of the ordinary HÍatÌeph-SeghoÖl; cf. sWbae a crib, !Wjae thread, !Wmae faithful, bAzae hyssop, rAzae a waist-band, r Wsae a bond, dApae an 'ephod'; cf. § 23 h, and the analogous cases of SÍere for HÍatÌeph-SeghoÖl in verbal forms § 52 n, § 63 p, § 76 d.

IV. Nouns with a Long Vocal in the First Syllable and originally a Short Vowel in the Second Syllable.

r

13. The ground-form qaÖtÌaÁl, in Hebrew, always changes the aÖ into an obscure oÖ, lj'Aq (lj'qo), e. g. ~l'A[ (§ 93, Paradigm III, a), Arab. ‘aÖlaÁm, eternity; ~t'Ax (Arab. hÌaÖtaÁm) a seal (according to Barth a loan word of Egyptian origin), fem. tm,t,ñxo (from hÌoÖtaÁmt); [l'AT worm (unless from a stem [lw, like bv'AT from bXw; see the analogous cases in § 85 b). On the participles Qal of verbs h¾¾l (§ 93, Paradigm III, c), cf. § 75 e; on the feminines of the participles Qal, which are formed with the termination t, see below, s.
Rem. Of a different kind (probably from a ground-form qautÌal) are such forms as !p'Aa (or !p;Aa Ez 10:9 in the same verse) a wheel; lz"AG a young bird, gn:AD wax, &c.

s

14. The ground-form qaÖtÌiÁl also becomes in Hebrew almost invariably ljeAq (ljeqo). Besides participles active masc. Qal this class includes also feminines of the form tl,j,ñqo, if their ground-form qoÖtÌalt (§ 69 c) goes back to an original qaÖtÌilt. The substantives of this form, such as !heKo priest (Arab. kaÖhiÁn), were also originally participles Qal. The fem. of the substantives has eÒ (lengthened from iÁ) retained before the tone, e. g. hdley*o a woman in travail (cf. also hd'gEB)o the treacherous woman, Jer 3:8; h['leC*oh; her that halteth, Mi 4:6f., Zp 3:19; hr'xes)o a buckler, y Ps 91:4); the participles as a rule have the form hd'l.y*o, &c., the original iÁ having become SewaÖ; however, the form with SÍere occurs also in the latter, Is 29:6, 8, 34:9, y Ps 68:26, 118:16 (all in principal pause; in subordinate pause hm'mevo 2 S 13:20, Is 33:14; with a conjunctive accent, Ct 1:6).

t

15. The ground-form quÖtÌaÁl, Hebrew lj;Wq (as, lb;Wy river, Jer 17:8) or lj'Wq e. g. bg"W[ a pipe, commonly bg"[u, and to be so read, with Baer, also in y Ps 150:4, not bG"[u.

V. Nouns with a Long Vowel in each Syllable.

u

16. lAjyqi, e.g. rAjyqi smoke. The few forms of this kind are probably derived from the ground-form qiÖtÌaÖl (qiÁtæÌÖl ?), i. e. the original aÖ has become an obscure oÖ.

Footnotes:

1[1] According to Delitzsch (Assyr, Gram., p 157 f.) the same is true in Assyrian of the corresponding qatÌl-forms. Without case-endings they are kalab, sÛamas, aban (= bl,K,ñ; vm,v,ñ; !b,a,ñ), with case-endings kalbu, sÛamsu, abnu. On the other hand, acc, to Sievers, Metrik, i. 261, Hebrew ground, forms probably have a twofold origin: they are shortened according to Hebrew rules partly from old absolute forms like kalbu, sifru, qudsÛu, and partly from old construct-forms like the Assyrian types kalab, sifir, qudusÛ.

2[2] On the other hand, Ungnad, ZA. 1903, p. 333 ff., rejecting all previous explanations, maintains that the a in melaÒkhiÖm, melaÒkhoÖth is inserted merely to facilitate the pronunciation. From qatÌlim arose qatÌalim then qatÌaliÖm and finally qetÌaliÖm. See, however, Nöldeke, 'Zur semit. Pluralendung,' ZA. 1904, p. 68 ff., who points out that the Semitic nouns faÇl, fiÇl, fuÇl with their corresponding feminines faÇla, &c., on assuming the plural termination commonly take an a before the 3rd radical, but that no satisfactory account can be given for it. M. Margolis, 'The plural of Segolates' (Proc. of the Philo. Assoc. of the Pacific Coast, San Francisco, 1903, p. 4 ff.), and S. Brooks, vestiges of the broken plural in Hebrew, Dublin, 1883, explain melaÒkhiÖm as a pluralisfractus.

3[3] It is worthy of notice that St. Jerome also (cf. Siegfried, ZAW. iv. 7:6) frequently represents the vowel of the first syllable by a, e. g. gader, aben, ader, areb, for rd,G<; !b,a,; rd,a,; br,x,, but cedem, secel, debr, &c., for ~d,q,; lq,v,; rb,D,, &c.

4[1] M. Lambert also (REJ. 1896, p. 18 ff.), from statistics of the Segholates, arrives at the conclusion that the qatÌl-form is especially used for concretes (in nouns without gutturals he reckons twenty concretes as against two abstracts), and the qitÌl-form, and less strictly the qutÌl, for abstracts.

5[1] On this theory cf. Stade, Hebräische Grammatik, § 199 b; De Lagarde, Übersicht, p. 57 f.; A. Müller, ZDMG. xlv, p. 226, and especially Philippi, ZDMG. xlix, p. 208.

6[2] In St. Jerome's time these forms were still pronounced sÌadaca (hq'd'c.), sÌaaca( hq'['c. ), nabala ( hl'b'n> ), &c., see Siegfried, ZAW. iv. 79. Moreover, the numerous abstracts of this form (e. g. even hp'c'q. a splintering, hx'w"c. a crying, &c.) are undoubtedly to be regarded (with Barth, Nominalbildung, p. 87) as feminines of infinitives of the form qaÁtÌaÖl, the lengthening of the second syllable being balanced, as in other cases, by the addition of the feminine termination.

7[1] In Na 1:3 only the QereÖ requires -ld'G> (in the constr. state) for the KethiÖbh lAdG>.

8[2]. On the fuÇaÖl-forms (regarded by Wellhausen as original diminutives) see Nöldeke, Beiträge (Strassb. 1904), p. 30 ff. He includes among them tr,[oñn> tow, and ~yrIxoj. hemorrhoids.